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秸稈還田利與弊

2022-12-02 09:44:07 來源：江蘇省農機推廣站 閱讀量：18294 評論

導讀：經過多年的努力，秸稈還田工作已經深入人心，人們認識到秸稈還田的優(yōu)點。

　　【農機網 熱點關注】經過多年的努力，秸稈還田工作已經深入人心，人們認識到秸稈還田的優(yōu)點。然而，事物都有兩面性，不能放大他缺點，但也要認識他的不足?，F(xiàn)在，有些地區(qū)要求的時間內焚燒，但大部分區(qū)域仍禁焚，我們就秸稈還田的利弊做一下分析，并提出方法解決短缺項，更好的貫徹落實國家推廣秸稈還田的大要求。
 
　　(一)秸稈還田的利：
 
　　1.降低勞動強度。
 
　　從人工收割到半機械化，再到現(xiàn)在的機械化作業(yè)，簡化了太多工序，農民真正從土地當中解放了出來，只是在種、管、收各個環(huán)節(jié)中充當了指揮者的身份。秸稈還田就是農業(yè)自動化的一種體現(xiàn)，便利性的提高，勞動強度的降低，農村剩余勞動力大量轉入城鎮(zhèn)務工，部分人員只是在農忙時節(jié)抽取時間輔助生產。
 
　　2.補充土壤養(yǎng)分。
 
　　作物秸稈含有一定的養(yǎng)分和纖維素、半纖維素、木質素、蛋白質、灰分元素等，既有較多有機質，又有氮、磷、鉀等營養(yǎng)元素。秸稈還田，使土壤中的有機物有效增加，避免造成土壤肥力下降，使作物生長所需養(yǎng)分相對均衡。秸稈還田具有促進土壤有機質及氮、磷、鉀等含量的增加，協(xié)調比例失調的矛盾，提高土壤水分的保蓄能力。
 
　　3.促進微生物活動。
 
　　土壤微生物在整個農業(yè)生態(tài)鏈中具有分解土壤有機質和凈化土壤的作用。有機物的合成由植物葉綠素來完成，由土壤微生物來完成有機物的分解工作。秸稈還田給土壤微生物增添了大量物質源，各類微生物數(shù)量和酶活性也相應增加。這就促進了對有機物質的分解和礦物質養(yǎng)分的轉化，使土壤中的氮、磷、鉀等元素增加，土壤養(yǎng)分的有效性也有所提高。經微生物分解轉化后產生的纖維素、木質素、多糖和腐殖酸等黑色膠體物，具有粘結土粒的能力，同黏土礦物形成有機與無機的復合體，促進土壤形成團粒結構，使土壤容量減輕，增加土壤中水、肥、氣、熱的協(xié)調能力，提高土壤保水、保肥、供肥的能力，改善土壤理化性狀。通過秸稈還田，能有效改良土壤、加速生土熟化、提高土壤肥力；秸稈還田能改善植株性狀，提高作物產量;改善土壤性狀，增加團粒結構等優(yōu)點。
 
　　4.減少化肥使用量。
 
　　農業(yè)發(fā)達國家都很注重施肥結構，如美國農業(yè)化肥的施用量一直控制在總施肥量的1/3以內，加拿大、美國為降低施肥量，大部分玉米、小麥的秸稈都還田。作物所吸收的氮主要來自土壤中的原有氮素，來自化肥的僅占23%-25%。這說明即使施用化肥，土壤有機物對作物生長仍是非常重要的。秸稈還田的增肥增產作用顯著，一般可增產5%-10%，是促進農業(yè)穩(wěn)產、高產，走可持續(xù)發(fā)展道路的重要途徑。所以，秸稈還田是彌補化肥長期使用缺陷的極好辦法。
 
　　5.改善農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。
 
　　原來農村80%的秸稈主要采取燃燒處理，造成污染空氣、影響交通、土壤表層焦化等，有時還引起火災。另外，秸稈隨意處置還會影響農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境。所以秸稈還田有利于實現(xiàn)農業(yè)廢棄物的綜合利用。
 
　　(二)秸稈還田的弊:
 
　　1.還田量過大，增加成本；
 
　　由于秸稈還田量過大或不均勻易發(fā)生土壤秸稈還田生物(即秸稈轉化的微生物)與作物幼苗爭奪養(yǎng)分的矛盾。所以一般每畝秸稈粉碎翻壓還田不超過300公斤，最多不超過500公斤，否則，會影響秸稈在土壤中的分解速度及作物產量。因此在秸稈直接還田時，一般還應適當增施一些氮肥，缺磷的補施磷肥，或者增施一些菌肥，加速秸稈的腐化分解，但這樣又會增加秸稈還田的成本，有時農民也不樂意。
 
　　2.土壤間隙大，死苗弱苗；
 
　　秸稈翻壓還田后，使土壤變得過松，孔隙大小比例不均、大孔隙過多，導致跑風，常出現(xiàn)種苗“吊根”情況，甚至出現(xiàn)黃苗、死苗、斷壟等現(xiàn)象。我們應該采取的措施是適時灌水，或用石砣碾壓，使土壤與種子接觸緊密，能夠正常發(fā)芽?；蛘呤羌哟蠓鬯榧毝?，最好達到3.5厘米以下，但這樣就會增加能耗，加大成本。
 
　　3.病原體帶入，風險加大；
 
　　秸稈上往往帶有大量病菌和蟲卵，在秸稈粉碎過程中無法殺死，還田后留在土壤里，病蟲害就會直接發(fā)生或者越冬來年發(fā)生。秸稈還田給地下害蟲帶來了生存的環(huán)境和空間，近幾年呈現(xiàn)逐年上升勢頭。一般采取土壤處理及種衣劑拌種進行預防。
 
　　秸稈還田是世界上普遍重視的一項培肥地力的增產措施，在杜絕了秸稈焚燒所造成的大氣污染的同時還有增肥增產作用。但若方式方法不當，可能會出現(xiàn)各種問題：首先就是有礙主茬小麥的出苗和苗齊苗壯;如果農田土壤保墑措施再跟不上，還會加速耕層土壤"綠水"的丟失，進而對于冬小麥的創(chuàng)高產不利?？梢哉f，秸稈還田的麥田出苗不齊和苗黃問題是秸稈還田操作不標準，連帶引起小麥播種質量差所造成的。為了避免來年不再產生秸稈還田引起出苗不好和麥苗發(fā)黃等問題，對于秸稈直接還田技術提出以下幾點建議:
 
　　1.應使用無病健壯的植物秸稈還田，對上茬有病害作物植株盡可能運出農田銷毀，防止傳播病菌，加重下茬作物病害。
 
　　2.各類秸稈收割后最好立即耕翻入土，提高土壤墑情，以避免水分損失而不易腐解，在水田上更應注意。秸稈還田后，在腐解過程中會產生許多有機酸，在水田中易累積，濃度大時會造成危害。因此在水田水漿管理上應采取"干濕交替、淺水勤灌"的方法，并適時擱田，改善土壤通氣性。
 
　　3.要用足夠馬力的機械將秸稈切碎，長度不超過5厘米，耕翻入土深度在20厘米以下，覆土要蓋嚴、鎮(zhèn)壓保墑，既可加速秸稈分解，又不影響播種出苗。這會加大農機操作者的投資，農民要想保障監(jiān)督落實是關鍵。
 
　　4.配合施用氮、磷肥。新鮮的秸稈碳、氮化大，施入田地時，會出現(xiàn)微生物與作物爭肥現(xiàn)象。秸稈在腐熟的過程中，會消耗土壤中的氮素等速效養(yǎng)分。在秸稈還田的同時，要配合施用碳酸氫銨、過磷酸鈣等肥料，補充土壤中的速效養(yǎng)分。
 
　　5.提高播種質量。首先要優(yōu)選種子，對病情嚴重地塊，有針對性的選擇抗病性種子，并采取高效的種衣劑拌種，在根源上減少病害的發(fā)生。
 
　　6.翻壓時間與水分管理?？蛇吺崭钸吀?，利用收獲時含水較多，及時耕埋利于腐解。土壤水分狀況是決定麥秸腐解速度的重要因素。在水分管理上，對土壤墑情差的，耕翻后應立即灌水;而墑情好的則應鎮(zhèn)壓保墑，促使土壤密實，以利于秸稈吸水分解。冬小麥越冬水的作用對于秸稈還田地塊更加明顯，能有效促進秸稈腐熟、土壤間隙小、小麥根系發(fā)達等。
 
　　秸稈還田無形中增加了老百姓的種植成本，糧食價格本來不高，因此影響力農民的還田積極性。秸稈還田是國家農業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢所需，采取有效方式方法規(guī)避秸稈還田所帶來的弊病，科學管理農田種植，環(huán)保和豐產我們也可以兼得。

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