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2021年“三夏”黃淮海地區(qū)小麥秸稈還田指導(dǎo)意見

2021-06-09 09:01:16 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)專家組 閱讀量：20180 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中可直接利用的有機(jī)物料，秸稈還田對(duì)增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、改良土壤、培肥地力具有重要作用。黃淮海地區(qū)屬于一年兩熟地區(qū)，是我國(guó)重要的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)，也是秸稈產(chǎn)生量大的地區(qū)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)專家組
 
農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護(hù)總站
 
　　農(nóng)作物秸稈是農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中可直接利用的有機(jī)物料，秸稈還田對(duì)增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、改良土壤、培肥地力具有重要作用。黃淮海地區(qū)屬于一年兩熟地區(qū)，是我國(guó)重要的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)，也是秸稈產(chǎn)生量大的地區(qū)。近年來，該區(qū)域小麥秸稈還田面積持續(xù)擴(kuò)大，做好秸稈還田和離田利用工作，搶抓農(nóng)時(shí)搞好夏種，對(duì)促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)綠色發(fā)展、贏得全年糧食豐收具有重要意義。氣象部門預(yù)測(cè)，6月黃淮海地區(qū)氣溫偏高、降水偏少，局部可能發(fā)生旱情。為做好“三夏”時(shí)節(jié)黃淮海地區(qū)的小麥秸稈科學(xué)還田和還田地塊的科學(xué)管理，提出如下指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、做好小麥秸稈粉碎還田
 
　　麥玉輪作和麥稻輪作是黃淮海地區(qū)的主要種植模式，夏收時(shí)溫度適宜，及時(shí)粉碎還田有利于微生物對(duì)秸稈的分解利用及營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素的釋放，可為后茬作物提供及時(shí)有效的養(yǎng)分。還田時(shí)，應(yīng)使用無嚴(yán)重病蟲害的秸稈，盡可能地避免因秸稈本身攜帶病菌所導(dǎo)致的農(nóng)作物病害。病蟲害較嚴(yán)重的田塊，秸稈不宜直接還田利用，應(yīng)收集離田妥善處置。
 
　　為節(jié)約成本、不誤農(nóng)時(shí)，小麥聯(lián)合收割機(jī)需加裝秸稈粉碎還田裝置，收獲小麥的同時(shí)將秸稈就地切碎，均勻地拋撒在地表并形成覆蓋，直接免耕、旋耕后播種玉米或進(jìn)行水稻插秧。合理調(diào)節(jié)切割裝置高度，留茬高度≤15 cm；切草刀片間距調(diào)整為8-9 cm，秸稈切碎長(zhǎng)度≤10 cm，切碎長(zhǎng)度合格率≥95%，漏切率≤1.5%；加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍，提高均勻度，拋撒不均勻率≤20%，埋草覆蓋率≥95%。
 
　　二、做好秸稈還田后茬作物種植
 
　　后茬玉米：免耕直播。種肥同播，施用復(fù)合肥。注意適當(dāng)?shù)姆瓑焊采w，固定秸稈。小麥秸稈還田后，墑情合適可立即直播，墑情不足應(yīng)先播種后灌溉。旋耕后播種。旋耕前撒施復(fù)合肥，旋耕后越早播種越好，墑情不足也可先播種后灌溉。旋耕后先鎮(zhèn)壓再播種，避免懸空跑墑造成吊苗死苗。夏玉米栽培需根據(jù)土壤肥力以田定產(chǎn)、以產(chǎn)定肥，保證生長(zhǎng)季施肥總量為純氮10-15公斤/畝，五氧化二磷5-7.5公斤/畝，氧化鉀6-9公斤/畝。氮肥按基肥與追肥比例1:2施用，磷鉀肥全部做基肥施用。根據(jù)秸稈還田前期耗氮、后期釋氮的特點(diǎn)，在定量施肥的前提下，可適當(dāng)增加氮肥基肥用量。
 
　　后茬水稻：旱耕水整。在正常土壤墑情條件下，使用大中型旋耕機(jī)或反轉(zhuǎn)滅茬機(jī)進(jìn)行旱耕深旋作業(yè)，作業(yè)深度≥12 cm，也可選用犁旋一體復(fù)式機(jī)作業(yè)，犁耕深度16-20 cm，待淺水泡田1-3天后，進(jìn)行起漿平整作業(yè)，沉實(shí)1-3天后種植水稻。水耕水整。若土壤含水量達(dá)田間持水量80%以上時(shí)，可先上淺水泡田1-3天后，使用水田埋茬耕整機(jī)進(jìn)行水整秸稈還田作業(yè)，作業(yè)深度≥12 cm，待平整沉實(shí)1-3天后種植水稻。麥秸還田作業(yè)時(shí)，水層要求田面高處見墩，低處有水，作業(yè)不起浪為準(zhǔn)，水深1-2 cm。可根據(jù)還田秸稈量將氮肥適當(dāng)前移，增施基肥尿素5-8公斤/畝。
 
　　三、加強(qiáng)還田地塊管理
 
　　后茬玉米：重點(diǎn)關(guān)注拔節(jié)期、抽雄期、灌漿期的土壤墑情，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況定額灌溉，使土壤含水量保持在60%-70%，滿足作物生長(zhǎng)需求的同時(shí)，促進(jìn)秸稈的分解。為防止秸稈腐解過程中出現(xiàn)微生物與玉米爭(zhēng)氮的現(xiàn)象，可在大喇叭口期進(jìn)行追肥，追肥方式為穴施或溝施，追肥一般施用尿素13-20公斤/畝。
 
　　后茬水稻：在麥秸還田的地塊，為減緩秸稈腐解過程中出現(xiàn)微生物吸氮與農(nóng)作物需氮間對(duì)氮素的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，應(yīng)在水稻分蘗期增加氮肥施用量，以每100公斤秸稈增施純氮0.5-1公斤為宜；在孕穗期，因秸稈腐解進(jìn)程釋放出養(yǎng)分，應(yīng)適當(dāng)減少氮肥和鉀肥施用；水稻苗期，采取淺水勤灌、間歇露田的灌溉方式。

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