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秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作在遼寧扎實(shí)推進(jìn)

2020-07-16 09:05:32 來(lái)源：總站糧作機(jī)械處 閱讀量：15725 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：為配合東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動(dòng)計(jì)劃實(shí)施，2020年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械試驗(yàn)鑒定總站、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)推廣總站(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)總站)聯(lián)合遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設(shè)工程中心 、開(kāi)原市一產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心、開(kāi)原市慶云堡鎮(zhèn)豐產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)合作社在遼寧省開(kāi)原市開(kāi)展秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 為配合東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動(dòng)計(jì)劃實(shí)施，2020年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械試驗(yàn)鑒定總站、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)推廣總站(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)總站)聯(lián)合遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設(shè)工程中心 、開(kāi)原市一產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心、開(kāi)原市慶云堡鎮(zhèn)豐產(chǎn)農(nóng)機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)合作社在遼寧省開(kāi)原市開(kāi)展秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作。
 
　　遼寧省現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地建設(shè)工程中心按照總站《關(guān)于開(kāi)展2020年糧作機(jī)械化技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作的通知》《秸稈全量覆蓋還田玉米精量免耕播種技術(shù)試驗(yàn)示范工作方案》，成立項(xiàng)目組，進(jìn)行了部署和安排,明確了工作目標(biāo)、工作措施和工作責(zé)任,做到工作到位,責(zé)任到人,確保各項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)落到實(shí)處。制定試驗(yàn)對(duì)比模式，選定對(duì)比機(jī)械，對(duì)三種不同企業(yè)的不同型號(hào)免耕播種機(jī)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的作業(yè)對(duì)比試驗(yàn)，并邀請(qǐng)中國(guó)科學(xué)院沈陽(yáng)應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所對(duì)示范區(qū)進(jìn)行了專(zhuān)業(yè)的土壤檢測(cè)。
 
　　項(xiàng)目組結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)胤N植習(xí)慣與自然狀況，確定了以秸稈全量覆蓋還田免耕播種為主推技術(shù)模式的技術(shù)路線(xiàn)及對(duì)比試驗(yàn)和技術(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)內(nèi)容。以三臺(tái)播種機(jī)在示范區(qū)確立五種作業(yè)模式進(jìn)行作業(yè)對(duì)比試驗(yàn)。
 
　　1.常規(guī)等行距旋耕起壟模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈離田→旋耕起壟→精量播種
 
　　2.秸稈全量還田免耕播種模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈粉碎全量還田→秸稈覆蓋越冬→免耕播種
 
　　3.秸稈部分還田免耕播種模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈離田部分還田→部分秸稈覆蓋越冬→免耕播種
 
　　4.秸稈全量還田集行免耕模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈粉碎全量還田→秸稈集行處理→寬窄行免耕播種
 
　　5.秸稈全量還田條耕模式：玉米機(jī)收秸稈粉碎全量還田→條帶旋耕→少耕播種
 
　　項(xiàng)目組先后在播種期、苗期和拔節(jié)期到項(xiàng)目示范基地，對(duì)不同模式的作物按要求進(jìn)行查驗(yàn)、檢測(cè)，并做了詳細(xì)記錄與對(duì)比。苗期對(duì)出苗率和作物長(zhǎng)勢(shì)進(jìn)行檢測(cè)，做了數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)講解作物長(zhǎng)勢(shì)與出苗率的檢測(cè)方法，指導(dǎo)并協(xié)助縣級(jí)技術(shù)人員及合作社成員進(jìn)行了田間檢測(cè)。邀請(qǐng)中國(guó)科學(xué)院沈陽(yáng)應(yīng)用生態(tài)研究所對(duì)示范區(qū)進(jìn)行了專(zhuān)業(yè)的土壤檢測(cè)，對(duì)土壤容重、含水率、氮磷鉀有機(jī)質(zhì)含量等做了檢測(cè)，并作出數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比分析。示范區(qū)采用無(wú)人機(jī)打藥，進(jìn)行苗后除草和病蟲(chóng)害防治作業(yè)。
 
　　試驗(yàn)跟蹤調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)個(gè)別地塊出現(xiàn)缺苗現(xiàn)象，挖開(kāi)播種帶查驗(yàn)分析，主要原因?yàn)?播種機(jī)排種調(diào)節(jié)問(wèn)題；冬季風(fēng)吹等造成秸稈堆積或厚薄不均等情況，種子無(wú)法入土；全量還田秸稈量過(guò)大且不夠細(xì)碎，播種時(shí)秸稈被塞入播種帶，阻礙種子接觸土壤；播種后其它原因使秸稈覆蓋過(guò)厚，種芽無(wú)法拱出。解決方法：適當(dāng)進(jìn)行人工調(diào)整覆蓋地表的秸稈厚度，在不動(dòng)土的情況下，也可對(duì)地表秸稈進(jìn)行二次粉碎處理，確保免耕播種機(jī)正常作業(yè)。

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