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2024年秋冬季大白菜科學(xué)施肥指導(dǎo)意見

2024-10-06 09:05:00 來源：全國(guó)農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量：19922 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：針對(duì)大白菜生產(chǎn)中有機(jī)肥施用量不足，偏施氮肥、單次施肥量過大，盲目施用高磷復(fù)合肥，蔬菜地土壤酸化等問題，提出以下施肥原則。

　　施肥原則
 
　　針對(duì)大白菜生產(chǎn)中有機(jī)肥施用量不足，偏施氮肥、單次施肥量過大，盲目施用高磷復(fù)合肥，蔬菜地土壤酸化等問題，提出以下施肥原則：
 
　　(1)合理施用有機(jī)肥料，減少化肥用量，提倡施用腐熟的農(nóng)家肥或商品有機(jī)肥，忌用沒有充分腐熟的有機(jī)肥料，有機(jī)無機(jī)配合施用。
 
　　(2)依據(jù)土壤肥力和目標(biāo)產(chǎn)量，優(yōu)化氮磷鉀肥用量。
 
　　(3)根據(jù)不同生育期養(yǎng)分需求，基肥追肥相結(jié)合，追肥以氮鉀肥為主，適當(dāng)補(bǔ)充微量元素。施用增效肥料，提高肥料利用效率，降低養(yǎng)分損失。
 
　　(4)北方石灰性土壤有效硼含量較低，南方酸度大的土壤有效鉬含量較低，應(yīng)注意微量元素的補(bǔ)充。
 
　　(5)土壤酸化嚴(yán)重時(shí)應(yīng)適量施用石灰。
 
　　(6)施肥與高產(chǎn)栽培結(jié)合，選育高產(chǎn)耐密品種，提高育苗質(zhì)量，采用合理種植密度，選擇適宜播期/移栽期。
 
　　施肥建議
 
　　(1)產(chǎn)量水平8000—10000公斤/畝，施充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥3—4方/畝或商品有機(jī)肥300—400 公斤/畝。氮肥(N)20—25公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)7—9公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)20—25公斤/畝。
 
　　(2)產(chǎn)量水平6000—8000公斤/畝，施充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥3—4方/畝或商品有機(jī)肥300—400 公斤/畝。氮肥(N)15—20公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)5—7公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)15—20公斤/畝。
 
　　(3)產(chǎn)量水平4500—6000公斤/畝，施充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥2—3方/畝或商品有機(jī)肥200—300 公斤/畝。氮肥(N)10—15公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)4—6公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)10—15公斤/畝。
 
　　(4)產(chǎn)量水平3500—4500公斤/畝，施充分腐熟的優(yōu)質(zhì)農(nóng)家肥2—3方/畝或商品有機(jī)肥200—300 公斤/畝。氮肥(N)8—10公斤/畝，磷肥(P2O5)3—4公斤/畝，鉀肥(K2O)8—10公斤/畝。
 
　　(5)基肥重視有機(jī)無機(jī)配合施用，全部有機(jī)肥和磷肥以條施或穴施方式作基肥，氮肥30%作基肥，70%分別于蓮座期和結(jié)球前期結(jié)合灌溉分兩次作追肥施用，注意在包心前期追施鉀肥，占總施鉀量的50%左右。雨水豐沛或土壤肥力水平較低的地塊，提倡施用含脲酶抑制劑、硝化抑制劑的氮肥。在低溫、寡照等極端環(huán)境下，可施用含氨基酸、黃腐酸、海藻酸等功能性物質(zhì))的肥料。
 
　　(6)微量元素硼缺乏的地塊，可于播種前基施硼砂1公斤/畝，或于生長(zhǎng)中后期用0.1%—0.5%的硼砂或0.1%—0.2%的糖醇硼水溶液進(jìn)行葉面噴施，每隔5—6天噴一次，連噴2—3次。大白菜為喜鈣作物，除了基施含鈣肥料(如過磷酸鈣)以外，還可葉面噴施0.3%—0.5%的氯化鈣或硝酸鈣溶液。南方菜地土壤pH<5時(shí)，每畝施用生石灰100—150公斤，可調(diào)節(jié)土壤和補(bǔ)充鈣素。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科學(xué)施肥專家指導(dǎo)組

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