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黑龍江省大豆中后期田間管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)

2024-07-31 08:44:02 來(lái)源：黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：17737 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：為進(jìn)一步做好大豆中后期田間管理，提高大豆單產(chǎn)和品質(zhì)，提出以下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 目前我省大豆正值花莢期，局部毀種地塊也進(jìn)入開(kāi)花期，做好中后期田間管理對(duì)保證大豆豐產(chǎn)增收至關(guān)重要。據(jù)氣象部門(mén)預(yù)測(cè)，8月份全省降水多于常年，局部區(qū)域可能發(fā)生強(qiáng)降雨，易于大豆病害的發(fā)生。為進(jìn)一步做好大豆中后期田間管理，提高大豆單產(chǎn)和品質(zhì)，提出以下技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)。
 
　　一、抗?jié)n澇
 
　　1. 加強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)和預(yù)防工作。各級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)部門(mén)要加強(qiáng)與氣象、水利部門(mén)會(huì)商，及時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)報(bào)澇害發(fā)生的時(shí)間、范圍和程度，做好預(yù)案。低洼易澇地塊，提前做好開(kāi)溝、清淤、疏通溝渠河道等排水措施，減輕濕漬對(duì)根系的傷害，預(yù)防大豆倒伏。
 
　　2. 補(bǔ)施肥料。受澇地塊排水后，造成土壤養(yǎng)分流失，易出現(xiàn)脫肥現(xiàn)象，要及時(shí)葉面噴施磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥，有條件的地塊也可增施硼、鉬、鋅等微量元素，連續(xù)噴施2～3次，延緩葉片功能期，?；ūＧv和促進(jìn)籽粒建成，有利于產(chǎn)量形成。
 
　　二、科學(xué)防控病蟲(chóng)害
 
　　1.病害防控。八月份多雨易誘發(fā)大豆菌核病等病害，發(fā)現(xiàn)大豆菌核病中心病株及時(shí)拔除，帶出田外深埋處理，并對(duì)中心病株周?chē)鷩娝幈Ｗo(hù)或全田施藥，防止病情擴(kuò)散，可使用腐霉利、菌核凈、咪鮮胺等藥劑進(jìn)行防治。防治大豆灰斑病、霜霉病等后期葉部病害，可使用嘧菌酯、咪鮮胺等廣譜性藥劑，做到“一噴多防”。
 
　　2.蟲(chóng)害防控。食心蟲(chóng)是大豆后期的主要蟲(chóng)害，對(duì)產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)危害較大，應(yīng)重點(diǎn)防控。對(duì)田間成蟲(chóng)調(diào)查達(dá)到防治指標(biāo)的田塊，選用高效、低毒綠色農(nóng)藥進(jìn)行防控，可使用無(wú)人機(jī)航化作業(yè)、與噴施葉面肥結(jié)合，實(shí)現(xiàn)“一噴多效”。
 
　　三、防倒伏
 
　　根據(jù)倒伏時(shí)期和倒伏程度，因地因情施策。嚴(yán)重倒伏地塊，不要再人工扶起，以免植株折斷，造成更大的產(chǎn)量損失。輕度倒伏的可以人工適當(dāng)扶起，兩行對(duì)扶，并培土施肥，促使新根迅速下扎，可施用鉀肥增強(qiáng)大豆植株抗倒能力，盡量降低產(chǎn)量損失。
 
　　四、促早熟
 
　　目前毀種大豆地塊處于開(kāi)花期，生育進(jìn)程延后，要及時(shí)中耕培土、防除雜草、增強(qiáng)土壤滲透性，促進(jìn)大豆生長(zhǎng)。在大豆鼓粒期，采用噴施磷酸二氫鉀等葉面肥、補(bǔ)充硼等微量元素來(lái)緩解大豆養(yǎng)分供需矛盾，可使大豆提早成熟3～5天，防止大豆貪青、促進(jìn)籽粒飽滿。
 
　　五、拔大草
 
　　在大豆鼓粒期,對(duì)于田間大草比較多的地塊，草籽形成前拔一遍大草，以利于大豆通風(fēng)、透光，增加莢數(shù)和粒重,促熟增產(chǎn)。而且對(duì)于收獲、晾曬、脫粒均有益處,還可以減少下茬作物田間雜草，避免機(jī)械收獲造成“草花臉”影響大豆商品品質(zhì)。
 
　　六、防早霜
 
　　大豆成熟前，密切關(guān)注天氣變化趨勢(shì)，預(yù)報(bào)有早霜發(fā)生，應(yīng)在凌晨2～3時(shí)，當(dāng)氣溫降到作物受害的臨界溫度1～2℃時(shí)，采取人工熏煙的方法防早霜。在地塊的上風(fēng)口，放置秸稈、樹(shù)葉、雜草等點(diǎn)燃，慢慢熏燒，使大豆籠罩在煙霧中，提高近地面溫度1～2℃，改變局部環(huán)境，降低霜凍危害。熏煙堆要密，分布要均勻，盡量使煙霧控制整個(gè)田面。尤其對(duì)低洼和毀種大豆的地塊，進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)實(shí)施。
 
　　七、適時(shí)收獲
 
　　大豆莖稈呈棕黃色，雜有少數(shù)棕杏黃色，豆葉全部落盡，子粒已歸圓時(shí)，適時(shí)進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲，同時(shí)粉碎秸稈，實(shí)施還田。低洼地塊，在大豆成熟前及時(shí)開(kāi)溝、清淤，清除田間積水，便于機(jī)車(chē)進(jìn)地適時(shí)收獲；收獲時(shí)田間仍有積水的地塊，宜采用履帶式收獲機(jī)作業(yè)。

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