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2024年山西省大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見

2024-04-02 13:47:32 來源：山西省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：17713 評論

導讀：為切實加強技術(shù)支撐，進一步提升大豆生產(chǎn)水平，結(jié)合氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實際，特制定2024年山西省大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機】 為切實加強技術(shù)支撐，進一步提升我省大豆生產(chǎn)水平，結(jié)合氣象條件和生產(chǎn)實際，特制定2024年山西省大豆生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導意見。
 
　　一、選擇良種
 
　　根據(jù)當?shù)厣鷳B(tài)條件和市場需求，選擇熟期合適、優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)、抗病抗倒、適宜機收的大豆品種，防止越區(qū)種植。晉北地區(qū)選用生育期相對較短的早熟品種，如：晉豆15號、晉豆25號、晉科5號、晉科7號、同豆8181、長豆34、東豆一號等；中部地區(qū)選用晉豆19、晉大74、晉遺51、晉遺52、晉遺53、汾90024、汾豆78、汾豆93、汾豆98、品豆24、長豆34等品種；晉西干旱區(qū)選用晉豆21、汾豆62等品種；南部復播區(qū)選用汾豆56、汾豆79、運豆101、晉豆50、長豆35號等品種。
 
　　二、選地整地
 
　　合理輪作倒茬，前茬最好是禾本科作物，如小麥、高粱、玉米等。無深翻深松基礎(chǔ)的地塊，進行秋翻或深松整地；秋季未整地地塊，如遇干旱或上一年有深翻深松基礎(chǔ)，應采取免耕播種。
 
　　三、搶墑播種
 
　　根據(jù)土壤溫度、墑情，適時適墑機械播種。北部春播區(qū)
 
　　可采用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)，適時搶墑早播。南部復播區(qū)可采用免耕覆秸精量播種機，一次性完成播種、施肥、封閉除草、秸稈覆蓋等作業(yè)。播前曬種1～2天，可用根瘤菌拌種。春大豆播期以4月下旬～5月上旬為宜，復播大豆在小麥收獲后6月中下旬播種。
 
　　播種密度根據(jù)品種特性、水肥條件及栽培方式而定。建議精量播種，春播高水肥地塊每畝留苗0.6萬～0.8萬株，種子量為3～4公斤/畝，旱地為1.0萬～1.2萬株/畝，種子量5公斤/畝。復播區(qū)畝留苗1.2萬～1.4萬株，播種量6～7公斤/畝。可采用40厘米等行距種植或采用寬窄行種植，寬行60厘米、窄行40厘米，株距15厘米左右。
 
　　四、田間管理
 
　　(一)間苗定苗。在大豆出苗對生真葉展開至第1片復葉展開前進行人工間苗，按計劃密度定苗。
 
　　(二)中耕管理。生育期進行2～3次中耕，大豆剛長出真葉時中耕一次，以后每隔10天左右再中耕1～2次。根據(jù)土壤是否板結(jié)及雜草多少靈活掌握中耕次數(shù)。
 
　　(三)水肥管理。在水地種植大豆，要灌足底墑水，以保全苗；控制幼苗水，適當蹲苗；飽澆花莢水，以增花保莢，同時防止花莢期雨水過量而倒伏。有條件的地方根據(jù)當時旱情和生長發(fā)育需水規(guī)律進行滴噴灌。堅持科學施肥，底肥施入70%的化肥，施肥深度10～15厘米；剩余30%的化肥作種肥施入，深度為4～5厘米；鼓勵結(jié)合整地施農(nóng)家肥。對旺長田塊，在分枝期或初花期噴施生長調(diào)節(jié)劑，控制節(jié)間伸長，防止倒伏。
 
　　(四)雜草防除。根據(jù)當?shù)仉s草種類，選擇安全、高效、低毒的化學除草劑。土壤水分較好的地塊提倡封閉除草，在播種后出苗前進行；土壤水分較差或封閉除草效果不佳時，可在大豆苗后2～3葉期進行莖葉除草。操作時應嚴格按劑量要求噴灑，減少對下茬作物的影響。
 
　　(五)病蟲害防治。以豆莢螟、食心蟲、蚜蟲、霜霉、灰斑等病蟲害為防治重點，堅持“預防為主，綜合防治”的方針，加強農(nóng)業(yè)防治、生物防治、物理防治和化學防治的協(xié)調(diào)與配套，嚴格控制化學農(nóng)藥的施用量。藥劑篩選和病蟲害防治按照說明書或在農(nóng)技部門指導下進行。
 
　　五、適時收獲
 
　　機械收獲的最佳時期應在完熟初期，此時大豆葉片全部脫落；人工收獲在落葉達90%時進行。建議選用大豆專用收割機，調(diào)整相關(guān)參數(shù)，減少落莢、落粒，降低籽粒破損率和損失率。
 

上一篇： 吉林省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳關(guān)于做好2024年農(nóng)機跨區(qū)作業(yè)有關(guān)工作的通知

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