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保護(hù)東北黑土地關(guān)鍵點：強化高性能農(nóng)機具支撐保障作用

2022-07-12 10:45:31 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：37775 評論

導(dǎo)讀：高性能機具是高質(zhì)量實施保護(hù)性耕作的關(guān)鍵。《東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動計劃(2020—2025年)》實施兩年多來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部持續(xù)加大機具研發(fā)與示范推廣支持力度，強化機具支撐保障作用。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】近年來，黨中央、國務(wù)院高度重視東北黑土地保護(hù)。2020年初，經(jīng)國務(wù)院同意，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、財政部聯(lián)合印發(fā)《東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動計劃(2020—2025年)》，部署在東北四省(區(qū))適宜區(qū)域全面推廣應(yīng)用保護(hù)性耕作。實施兩年多來，在各方面共同努力下，行動計劃取得了積極成效。2020年實施保護(hù)性耕作4600萬畝，2021年實施保護(hù)性耕作7200萬畝，均超額完成當(dāng)年任務(wù)。

　　根據(jù)十三屆全國人大五次會議趙剡水代表提出的關(guān)于科學(xué)實施推廣黑土地保護(hù)性耕作的建議收悉，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部近日給出答復(fù)。其中，關(guān)于加快保護(hù)性耕作機具研制推廣應(yīng)用方面，具體答復(fù)如下：
 
　　高性能機具是高質(zhì)量實施保護(hù)性耕作的關(guān)鍵。《東北黑土地保護(hù)性耕作行動計劃(2020—2025年)》實施兩年多來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部持續(xù)加大機具研發(fā)與示范推廣支持力度，強化機具支撐保障作用。
 
　　一是及時掌握機具情況。要求四省(區(qū))加大對本地區(qū)保護(hù)性耕作機具尤其是免耕播種機數(shù)量、狀態(tài)和作業(yè)能力情況的調(diào)度，摸清底數(shù)和缺口，統(tǒng)籌做好機具協(xié)調(diào)調(diào)配，切實提高機具使用率。
 
　　二是開展機具研發(fā)攻關(guān)。會同科技部、工業(yè)和信息化部，統(tǒng)籌用好相關(guān)研發(fā)資源，支持開展氣力式排種器、播種質(zhì)量監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)、耕種入土部件等免耕播種機關(guān)鍵部件研發(fā)，進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化免耕播種機性能。支持四省(區(qū))申報建設(shè)保護(hù)性耕作(東北)全程機械化科研基地，進(jìn)一步提升研發(fā)攻關(guān)能力。
 
　　三是加大適用機具示范推廣。組織四省(區(qū))通過機具展示、作業(yè)演示等形式，推廣適用高效保護(hù)性耕作作業(yè)機具，尤其是加大“窄淺型”少耕(條耕)機、加裝秸稈處理裝置免耕播種機的示范推廣力度，提升保護(hù)性耕作作業(yè)質(zhì)量。依托高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用基地，組織專家優(yōu)化技術(shù)模式，進(jìn)一步遴選推出一批適用于不同區(qū)域的保護(hù)性耕作機具配套方案。
 
　　四是強化高性能機具供給。積極發(fā)揮農(nóng)機購置與應(yīng)用補貼政策引導(dǎo)作用，對免耕播種機優(yōu)化分檔，將高性能免耕播種機補貼測算比例由30%提高到35%，并優(yōu)先滿足保護(hù)性耕作機具購置補貼資金需求。將深松整地作業(yè)補助任務(wù)資金向保護(hù)性耕作實施區(qū)域傾斜，鼓勵適宜區(qū)域開展條帶耕作，進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)農(nóng)民群眾購置使用深松機、條耕機等保護(hù)性耕作配套機具。
 
　　保護(hù)性耕作的技術(shù)核心是“多覆蓋、少動土”，一方面要求秸稈盡量留田處理，增加秸稈覆蓋量；另一方面要求秸稈覆蓋應(yīng)兼顧多方需求，確保保護(hù)性耕作與畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展等要求相銜接。近年以來，從各地推廣秸稈覆蓋保護(hù)性耕作的實踐看，農(nóng)民越來越普遍認(rèn)為，秸稈覆蓋保護(hù)性耕作，是節(jié)本增效、產(chǎn)量穩(wěn)定、秸稈處理最省事、好應(yīng)用的高招。
 
　　保護(hù)性耕作已是主流的耕作制度和技術(shù)體系。今年已實施保護(hù)性耕作8100萬畝，超出8000萬畝年度任務(wù)。四省(區(qū))整體推進(jìn)縣達(dá)56個，縣鄉(xiāng)級高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)基地達(dá)712個，長期監(jiān)測點達(dá)382個，以點帶面、梯次鋪開的態(tài)勢已經(jīng)形成。從四省(區(qū))實施效果看，保護(hù)性耕作實施地塊總體苗情長勢良好，抗旱保苗、抗臺風(fēng)防倒伏效果明顯，有效降低了土壤風(fēng)蝕水蝕，改善了地力，減少了機械進(jìn)地次數(shù)，呈現(xiàn)出糧食穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)、農(nóng)民增收節(jié)支的良好態(tài)勢，保護(hù)性耕作帶來的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)、生態(tài)綜合效應(yīng)正逐步顯現(xiàn)。
 
　　目前保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推廣的一個短板，就是配套農(nóng)機具有效供給不足，除了免耕播種機上形成比較配套的農(nóng)機具外，其他作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)和技術(shù)模式上，都缺乏拿得出手的配套農(nóng)機具。有關(guān)專家認(rèn)為，農(nóng)機行業(yè)必須圍繞免耕、少耕、條耕、壟作、秸稈覆蓋、種植覆蓋物技術(shù)模式，加快研發(fā)制造出相配套的先進(jìn)、實用的技術(shù)所需機具裝備，為保護(hù)性耕作技術(shù)推廣提供支撐。
 
　　注：本文由農(nóng)機網(wǎng)(balpclean.com)整理發(fā)布，資料來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部、東北網(wǎng)。

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