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茶葉大國如何走向“茶葉強(qiáng)國”?

2020-10-05 10:21:43 來源:農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 閱讀量:53733 評論

導(dǎo)讀:只有茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平提高了、茶品牌建設(shè)能力提升了,我國茶葉在貿(mào)易中優(yōu)勢便提高了,茶葉大國走向茶葉強(qiáng)國便也不遠(yuǎn)了。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 在上期文章《茶葉大國為什么不是出口大國?緣何單產(chǎn)量比不上印度?》中我們說到,我國茶葉單產(chǎn)量低于印度,很重要的一個原因是茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化程度低,怎樣改變這一現(xiàn)狀?
 
  其實(shí),這和我國的自然地理情況有很大關(guān)系。我國的茶園多分布于丘陵山區(qū),地域地形復(fù)雜,導(dǎo)致機(jī)械化難度大;此外,茶葉生產(chǎn)相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)具研發(fā)生產(chǎn)和普及,距離大田作物機(jī)械很有很大差距。目前,我國整體茶園生產(chǎn)綜合機(jī)械化作業(yè)水平還不足10%,而茶園管理和茶葉采摘勞動力成本占總成本的比例卻超過了60%,生產(chǎn)效益過低。因此,實(shí)現(xiàn)茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化、規(guī)模化才能從茶葉大國走向茶葉強(qiáng)國。
 

  宜機(jī)化改造:改變難作業(yè)環(huán)境
 
  丘陵山區(qū)是我國糧食和特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的重要生產(chǎn)基地,近年來國家高度重視對丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造工作?!秶鴦?wù)院關(guān)于加快推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化和農(nóng)機(jī)裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的指導(dǎo)意見》(國發(fā)〔2018〕42號)明確提出,推進(jìn)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)田建設(shè)相適應(yīng),重點(diǎn)支持丘陵山區(qū)開展農(nóng)田“宜機(jī)化”改造。今年中央一號文件強(qiáng)調(diào)“支持丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造”,各有關(guān)省份積極推進(jìn)農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造工作。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì),近兩年重慶、山西、湖北、湖南、廣西、甘肅等省份共計(jì)投入資金76億元,完成農(nóng)田宜機(jī)化改造面積近350萬畝,目前丘陵山區(qū)累計(jì)改造面積達(dá)790萬畝。
 
  茶葉生產(chǎn)相關(guān)機(jī)具被納入農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼范圍
 
  目前,此前,茶葉生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的茶樹修剪機(jī)、采茶機(jī)、茶葉理?xiàng)l機(jī)、茶葉炒(烘)干機(jī)、茶葉揉捻機(jī)、茶葉殺青機(jī)、茶葉篩選機(jī)等7個品目已被納入中央農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼機(jī)具種類范圍。2020年,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部繼續(xù)完善農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼范圍,將茶葉色選機(jī)、茶葉輸送機(jī)、茶葉壓扁機(jī)、果樹修剪機(jī)、果園軌道運(yùn)輸機(jī)等助力丘陵山區(qū)等貧困地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所需機(jī)具納入全國補(bǔ)貼范圍,由各省從中選取品目進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼。2020年,中央財(cái)政安排農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼資金170億元,各省可根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實(shí)際需要和補(bǔ)貼資金規(guī)模,按規(guī)定加大對茶葉加工機(jī)械等特色高效農(nóng)業(yè)相關(guān)農(nóng)機(jī)具的支持力度。
 
  大力支持高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)茶園建設(shè)
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部高度重視茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,大力推進(jìn)特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢區(qū)建設(shè)。2017年,農(nóng)業(yè)部會同國家發(fā)展改革委等有關(guān)部門印發(fā)實(shí)施了《特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢區(qū)建設(shè)規(guī)劃綱要》,其中將長江流域茶產(chǎn)業(yè)納入特優(yōu)區(qū)的品種(類)與重點(diǎn)區(qū)域范疇,著重加強(qiáng)茶樹品種改良、提高茶園機(jī)械化水平,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)基地建設(shè)等。目前,已認(rèn)定3批共229個中國特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢區(qū),其中茶葉20個,重點(diǎn)支持建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化生產(chǎn)基地、加工基地、倉儲物流基地等。
 
  結(jié)語:茶園全程機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)、茶葉智能化加工是茶產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展必然趨勢。專家認(rèn)為,應(yīng)以裝備推廣加快茶產(chǎn)業(yè)機(jī)械化運(yùn)用。一方面,在生產(chǎn)階段,根據(jù)三類茶園(有機(jī)茶園、無公害茶園和普通茶園)對應(yīng)的機(jī)械化作業(yè)模式,實(shí)現(xiàn)茶園機(jī)械化耕作、施肥、修剪、植保、采摘的高效機(jī)械化作業(yè)新模式,加快機(jī)器換人的步伐;另一方面,針對茶葉內(nèi)含物成分特點(diǎn)研發(fā)6大茶類自動化生產(chǎn)線,開發(fā)新產(chǎn)品,發(fā)展茶葉機(jī)械化加工新模式,優(yōu)選制茶工藝,建立新產(chǎn)品工藝技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
 
  我國茶葉產(chǎn)量巨大而且是產(chǎn)茶大國中能夠量產(chǎn)各種類茶的國家,貿(mào)易發(fā)展空間潛力巨大。只有茶葉生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平提高了、茶品牌建設(shè)能力提升了,我國茶葉在貿(mào)易中優(yōu)勢便提高了,茶葉大國走向茶葉強(qiáng)國便也不遠(yuǎn)了。
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