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愛(ài)科農(nóng)藝小課堂：耕作的力量（二）

2020-04-26 10:17:18 來(lái)源：愛(ài)科在線 閱讀量：22683 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：上期的農(nóng)藝小課堂小編已經(jīng)和大家提前預(yù)告過(guò)，我們將持續(xù)關(guān)注不同的耕作方式對(duì)苗床環(huán)境以及后續(xù)糧食產(chǎn)量所產(chǎn)生的影響。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】 上期的農(nóng)藝小課堂小編已經(jīng)和大家提前預(yù)告過(guò)，我們將持續(xù)關(guān)注不同的耕作方式對(duì)苗床環(huán)境以及后續(xù)糧食產(chǎn)量所產(chǎn)生的影響。
 
　　本期我們將結(jié)合實(shí)際案例給大家科普三種常見(jiàn)的耕作方式及其對(duì)土壤環(huán)境的不同影響。

 
田間中耕 VS 垂直耕作
 
　　首先，我們向大家科普田間中耕和垂直耕作的含義。
 
　　田間中耕
 
　　是指對(duì)土壤進(jìn)行淺層翻倒、疏松表層土壤的耕作方式。
 
　　垂直耕作
 
　　入土較深、作用較強(qiáng)烈、能顯著改變土壤性狀、后效較長(zhǎng)、消耗動(dòng)力多的土壤耕作措施田間中耕。
 
　　在美國(guó)南部城市埃爾帕索的一個(gè)地塊里，在種植期間我們根據(jù)Smart Firmer® 傳感器收集到的數(shù)據(jù)形成了一份車轍水分地圖。
 
　　根據(jù)地圖顯示：使用田間中耕機(jī)進(jìn)行耕作的田塊對(duì)應(yīng)的深綠色的水分讀數(shù)與使用垂直耕作方式進(jìn)行的另外一半田塊對(duì)應(yīng)淺綠色(更為干燥)水分讀數(shù)有明顯的差別。
 
　　因此，我們可以得出結(jié)論：
 
　　耕作深度會(huì)對(duì)土壤濕度產(chǎn)生影響。

上方田塊使用田間中耕方式，下方田塊使用垂直耕作方式
 
　　然而，視覺(jué)上的差異還不止于此。這塊地是2019年6月8日開(kāi)始種植的，而當(dāng)7月15日，我們到達(dá)地塊時(shí)已經(jīng)明顯可以看到兩塊地的玉米株高度有差異。同一天，在Climate Field View™上捕捉到了這兩塊地的田塊健康圖像如下 。

上圖植被圖是根據(jù)衛(wèi)星圖像顯示的當(dāng)前田塊生物量

 
該圖像是田塊健康監(jiān)測(cè)地圖，它直觀地表面了田間作物的差異性，顯現(xiàn)出當(dāng)天該田塊的高低績(jī)效區(qū)域。表現(xiàn)較好的區(qū)域?yàn)榫G色，表現(xiàn)較差的區(qū)域?yàn)辄S色和紅色。
 
　　北半部田塊在種植前使用了田間中耕機(jī)進(jìn)行翻耕，而南半部田塊是選擇了垂直耕作的方式。
 
　　因而我們進(jìn)一步得出結(jié)論：
 
　　對(duì)于玉米這種作物來(lái)說(shuō)，田間中耕耕作方法可以疏松土壤，流通空氣，保持水分，提高地溫，更適合作物生長(zhǎng)，提高種植效率和收獲產(chǎn)量。
 
 
帶狀耕作方式在濕土地的優(yōu)越性
 
　　2019年農(nóng)場(chǎng)春耕期間的濕土環(huán)境對(duì)我們正在進(jìn)行的耕作試驗(yàn)產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。我們?cè)谶M(jìn)行玉米-大豆-玉米的連續(xù)輪番種植時(shí)，采用了傳統(tǒng)耕作、帶狀耕作、垂直耕作和免耕制度四種不同方式，系統(tǒng)且直觀地對(duì)因?yàn)椴煌鞣绞蕉鴮?duì)作物產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)影響進(jìn)行了比較。
 
　　到目前為止，使用傳統(tǒng)耕作的田塊結(jié)果是很差的。所謂傳統(tǒng)耕作是指?jìng)鹘y(tǒng)耕作法可用機(jī)械、畜力或人力進(jìn)行土壤耕作，創(chuàng)造有一定深度的疏松的耕層，并與耙、壓、耱等表土耕作措施相結(jié)合。
 
　　由于早春的時(shí)候，田塊太過(guò)于潮濕。使用傳統(tǒng)耕作的話，我們須用土壤修整機(jī)把田塊挖開(kāi)，在我們挖開(kāi)田塊之后，氣溫達(dá)到了29到32度，風(fēng)速達(dá)到了每小時(shí)40公里。這時(shí)田塊表層的約5厘米的土壤將會(huì)變得十分干燥。這樣的土壤環(huán)境就會(huì)使播種面臨一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樽魑镄枰_的下壓力和殘留物管理設(shè)置，才能達(dá)到正確的種植深度。否則你的種子就會(huì)落在干土里，繼而影響種植效果。

　　相比之下，帶狀耕作后的田塊可能是我們今年種植玉米和大豆很好的區(qū)域。所謂帶狀耕作是指把坡耕地沿等高線分帶，按不同農(nóng)作物或牧草相間種植。其特點(diǎn)是土壤局部耕作，而全田則終年有覆蓋。松土與板田并存，既有利于作物生長(zhǎng)，又有利于保持水土，是一種較好的保護(hù)耕作法。
 
　　因此我們可以知道，在濕土環(huán)境中，前期選擇帶狀耕作的話，可以為苗床打下良好的基礎(chǔ)，有效降低后續(xù)播種時(shí)的不當(dāng)操作所帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，減少投入成本，提高種植效率。

　　今天的耕作方式就給大家介紹到這里，下期我們會(huì)與大家一同探討田間殘茬管理的學(xué)問(wèn)，我們不見(jiàn)不見(jiàn)哦！

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