今日要聞

（二）國四的熱鬧與愛科的門道

2022-11-26 09:32:49 來源：愛科中國 閱讀量：16979 評論

導讀：隨著廢氣標準的不斷升級，排氣管會越來越粗越來越長，直至買排氣管送發(fā)動機。人們對SCR沒有好感，大多并不在于SCR本身，而是這東西得燒尿素，覺得既麻煩又費錢。

　　【農機網(wǎng) 明星企業(yè)】第二章我們繼續(xù)看另一個234的方案，這個方案里主要增加了SCR，這是目前方案中排氣系統(tǒng)的最末端，請注意“目前”兩個字。隨著廢氣標準的不斷升級，排氣管會越來越粗越來越長，直至買排氣管送發(fā)動機。人們對SCR沒有好感，大多并不在于SCR本身，而是這東西得燒尿素，覺得既麻煩又費錢。

　　筆者覺得，與國三比確實如此，但與不用SCR的國四相比，非也。
 
　　我們先算筆賬，32.5%的尿素水溶液，價格來去很大，尿素要用好的，所以我們選頂級的50元/10千克，也就是大概5元/升。
 
　　柴油價格目前上漲比較厲害，以0號8元/升來算。尿柴比根據(jù)工況不同差異也比較大，以5%來算，以消耗100升柴油為基準，那么尿素消耗5升，費用為多25元。
 
　　大家應該還記得之前講的，不用尿素的SCR就得用廢氣再循環(huán)，這個EGR隨之帶來的是5%的油耗增加。以100升柴油為基準就是多5升，費用為多40元。
 
　　簡單從費用來看，尿素多25元，非尿素多40元。到底誰省，一目了然了吧。如果不是簡單的從價格來看，那么可能不是15塊錢價差的問題了。
 
　　簡單講，SCR就是給氮氧化物兜底的，照單全收。發(fā)動機只管燒，SCR只管埋，可以盡情的發(fā)揮燃燒功率。如果沒有SCR，發(fā)動機一邊燒，還得一邊顧慮氮氧化物超不超標，這怎么能燒的開心。發(fā)動機燒的不開心，那么開這個拖拉機的人肯定也不會太開心，因為不能隨叫隨到。還記得那句某車的廣告詞嗎？你只管踩油門，剩下的交給Quattro(夸戳)，道理是一樣的。
 
　　四個后處理組件，
 
　　還剩一個DPF沒有介紹。
 

　　DPF工作示意圖
 
　　對DPF這個裝置的理解，最簡單的就是可以把它看做是口罩。當然它的基質不是布，而是一種特殊的陶瓷類物質。D柴油P顆粒F過濾，所以很明顯它是用來捕捉碳煙等微粒的。有個與之密切相關的詞叫“再生”，也就是重新獲得新生，這是個多么美好的詞，可為什么要再生呢，因為不能長生?；o常開日，人無再少年；海日生殘夜，江春入舊年。所以我們要時常排空心中塵霾，不要自己給自己添堵。
 
　　再生分為被動和主動，筆者覺得只要能再生，還在乎什么主動和被動，可成年人不做選擇題，全都要。正好DPF也是這么想的。所謂被動就是一邊捕捉顆粒一邊把顆粒催化反應排出，讓DPF不至于很快就堵塞，這個過程是在發(fā)動機正常工作的時候一直在進行的，無需人工干預。
 
　　但被動再生的速度或者催化反應條件不能完全滿足時刻產生的微粒堆積，久而久之，這個口罩還是會堵塞嚴重，這時候就需要主動再生。主動再生是說DPF堵塞到一定程度，必須人工干預進行再生。操作比較簡單，一般拖拉機駕駛室內會有相關按鈕，只需按步驟操作就可以。主動再生需要駐車，發(fā)動機會自動運轉進行，它的本質是升高排氣溫度，把碳煙微粒燒掉后排出。類似于上圖中最下面那個拿著噴火槍小人干的活。
 
　　現(xiàn)實的來講，排氣管里的后處理系統(tǒng)，對發(fā)動機和機手來說，都是有影響的。講到這肯定有人會想到，既然排氣管有影響，那我把它拆了不就行了么，沒有了束縛，不就想怎么排就怎么排了。有這樣想法的人，可能大多是不知道軟件為何物，別說你拆了排氣管，就算排氣管里的某個后處理裝置工作不正常，軟件就會對發(fā)動機進行限制。分故障嚴重程度的不同，對功率和扭矩進行不同比例的下降限制，總之就是無法正常干活。都是為了環(huán)境，請善待排氣管。
 
　　雖然我們不需要考試，但還是要給大家拎一下重點。既然是重點，那就只有一點，而且這一點不是關于排放的，是高于排放的。一段時間以前，筆者就在不時思考一個問題，石油存在了至少上萬年，人類利用化石能源也至少上千年，柴油機面世也已過百年，何時何方是個頭呢？但它肯定會有個頭，就像當初蒸汽機的出現(xiàn)一樣。
 
　　直到不久前，一個科普視頻解決了這個問題，或者說讓這個問題不在是問題。所以說問題的解決不一定在于解決問題的本身，有時候解開了心結，問題也就迎刃而解了。人類存在了300萬年，可把這個時間跨度和太陽的年齡進行比較的話，換算成一天24小時，那么人類的存在還不到1分鐘。而太陽相對于宇宙，也和人類相對于太陽一樣的渺小?？赐赀@段視頻當時整個人都不好了，可忽然整個人又非常好了。國四也好，尿素也罷，這都不是事，我們現(xiàn)在做的是讓1分鐘變成2分鐘的大事。一代人做好一代人，一代機當好一代機，是可謂諸法空相，不生不滅，不垢不凈，不增不減；如是而已。
 
　　順便提一句，后處理系統(tǒng)只是后處理，發(fā)動機的原生排放其實也非常重要。以小汽車為例，目前是國六，但仍然還有少數(shù)汽車不用裝DPF就達到國六標準的。筆者認為這才是好發(fā)動機，研究好發(fā)動機，直接減少發(fā)動機本機的有害物排放，再配合對應的必須要有的后處理才是根本。
 
　　比如說下面這樣的發(fā)動機，就是很不錯的發(fā)動機
 

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