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我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的進(jìn)展史

2018-07-17 15:20:38 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：38350 評論

導(dǎo)讀：近日，“智能高鐵發(fā)展暨京津城際鐵路開通十周年論壇”上宣稱電子客票將于明年在全國推廣。乘客或可實(shí)現(xiàn)“刷手機(jī)”、“刷身份證”直接進(jìn)站乘車，而不需要在乘車之前特意換取紙質(zhì)車票。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】近日，“智能高鐵發(fā)展暨京津城際鐵路開通十周年論壇”上宣稱電子客票將于明年在全國推廣。乘客或可實(shí)現(xiàn)“刷手機(jī)”、“刷身份證”直接進(jìn)站乘車，而不需要在乘車之前特意換取紙質(zhì)車票。
 
　　代火車票是紙板火車票，這種車票使用的時間長，堪稱“爺爺輩兒”。從上世紀(jì)40年代開始至上世紀(jì)90年代結(jié)束；第二代火車票是軟紙火車票，使用這種車票后，售票時間也由過去的手工售票快的每張96秒縮短至3至5秒；第三代火車票就是我們近年來使用的磁介質(zhì)車票了，它利用磁介質(zhì)記錄票面信息，可在自助檢票機(jī)上使用，快10秒就能通過；第四代火車票就是無紙化火車票——身份證，這是一次重大升級，免去了去售票廳的人工窗口和自動售票機(jī)前排隊等候的環(huán)節(jié)，使人們出行更加便利。
 
　　事實(shí)上，隨著科技的進(jìn)步，各行各業(yè)都一致選擇了更加快捷便利的生產(chǎn)生活方式。我國農(nóng)業(yè)從典型的鐵犁牛耕式作業(yè)到農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的不斷投入使用和推廣，而今，農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)也正迎來智能化、自動化、數(shù)字化大變革。
 

        刀耕火種到鐵器的使用
 
　　早已經(jīng)在新石器時代，我國就已經(jīng)有了刀耕火種的生產(chǎn)方式。他們先以石斧砍伐地面上的樹木等枯根朽莖，草木曬干后用火焚燒后播種，這樣可以利用地表草木灰作肥料，播種后不再施肥。
 
　　后來鐵制農(nóng)具的發(fā)明和使用以及犁耕的推廣、以及施肥和灌溉技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使得農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平得以大幅度提升，中國古代農(nóng)業(yè)從原始向精耕細(xì)作發(fā)展。此后很長一段時間，鐵犁牛耕都是我國傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的主要耕作方式。
 
　　拖拉機(jī)進(jìn)入中國市場
 
　　工業(yè)革命之后，法國的阿拉巴爾特和美國伊利諾斯州的R·C·帕爾文分別在1856年和1873年發(fā)明了早的蒸汽動力拖拉機(jī)；1889年，美國芝加哥的查達(dá)發(fā)動機(jī)公司制造出了世界上臺使用汽油內(nèi)燃機(jī)農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)——“巴加”號拖拉機(jī)；1906年，霍爾特創(chuàng)辦的拖拉機(jī)制造公司制造出世界上早的以汽油內(nèi)燃機(jī)為動力的履帶式拖拉機(jī)。
 
　　后來，拖拉機(jī)傳入了中國市場。1908年(清光緒三十四年)，購進(jìn)兩臺拖拉機(jī)并由瑞豐公司經(jīng)營，在訥河的訥漠爾河南段自行收價代墾，這是黑龍江地區(qū)早輸入的農(nóng)用拖拉機(jī)；1912年，浙江省政府從美國購回2臺鐵輪水田用拖拉機(jī)，后交給浙江大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院實(shí)習(xí)農(nóng)場。
 
　　現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展
 
　　新中國建立，中國農(nóng)機(jī)“白手起家”，不斷發(fā)展壯大。30年間，逐步形成了從中央到地方的一套比較完整的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械保障服務(wù)體系，廣大農(nóng)民群眾對于應(yīng)用農(nóng)用機(jī)械的積極性被調(diào)動起來，積極投身農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的初始建設(shè)當(dāng)中，使得我國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械有了基礎(chǔ)性的進(jìn)步。
 
　　在實(shí)行家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制之后，農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)開始大規(guī)模結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，適合農(nóng)村小規(guī)模經(jīng)營的小型農(nóng)機(jī)具、農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸車等應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)開始蓬勃發(fā)展，在2004至2014年進(jìn)入了農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)的“黃金十年”。《農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化促進(jìn)法》公布實(shí)施，農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼政策拉動農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)發(fā)展，國家的政策制度成為農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展不可或缺的推動力。
 
　　農(nóng)機(jī)智能化大變革
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)4.0時代，通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)有效進(jìn)行資源軟整合，以物聯(lián)網(wǎng)、大數(shù)據(jù)、移動互聯(lián)、云計算技術(shù)為支撐和手段形成了一種高度集約、高度、高度智能、高度協(xié)同、高度生態(tài)的智能農(nóng)業(yè)。在這個背景下，人們對于農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的要求也在進(jìn)一步提高。
 
　　我國農(nóng)機(jī)迎來智能化、自動化、數(shù)字化大變革，農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械向著智能、節(jié)約環(huán)保、舒適便捷和個性專業(yè)方向不斷發(fā)展。共享農(nóng)機(jī)、農(nóng)機(jī)無人駕駛等新形式層出不窮，無數(shù)農(nóng)機(jī)人在為農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)的發(fā)展發(fā)光發(fā)熱。
 
　　此文由本網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布，部分資料來源：中經(jīng)網(wǎng)海南、農(nóng)機(jī)1688、農(nóng)機(jī)通，如有侵權(quán)或異議請聯(lián)系我們。

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