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【警惕】全國中晚稻重大病蟲害發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)及下階段發(fā)生趨勢

2024-09-14 09:55:14 來源:全國農(nóng)技推廣中心 閱讀量:18852 評論

導(dǎo)讀:預(yù)計(jì)下階段江南稻區(qū)二化螟持續(xù)重發(fā),華南、江南稻區(qū)“兩遷”害蟲有一定暴發(fā)成災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),華南、東南沿海臺(tái)風(fēng)波及區(qū)域細(xì)菌性病害擴(kuò)散流行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。重大病蟲害發(fā)生危害盛期將持續(xù)至9月底。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】 入秋以來,西南北部稻區(qū)一季稻已陸續(xù)收獲,西南南部和東部稻區(qū)、東北稻區(qū)一季稻陸續(xù)進(jìn)入灌漿期至乳熟期,田間病蟲情基本定局;江南、長江中下游和江淮中稻處于抽穗至乳熟期,華南、江南雙季晚稻和長江中游單季晚稻處于分蘗至孕穗期,重大病蟲害持續(xù)發(fā)展,局部地區(qū)重發(fā)趨勢明顯。截至9月6日,全國水稻病蟲害累計(jì)發(fā)生面積6.7億畝次、同比減少6.7%。結(jié)合當(dāng)前病蟲害發(fā)生情況、寄主條件和未來天氣條件綜合分析,預(yù)計(jì)下階段江南稻區(qū)二化螟持續(xù)重發(fā),華南、江南稻區(qū)“兩遷”害蟲有一定暴發(fā)成災(zāi)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),華南、東南沿海臺(tái)風(fēng)波及區(qū)域細(xì)菌性病害擴(kuò)散流行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高。重大病蟲害發(fā)生危害盛期將持續(xù)至9月底。
 
  發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài)
 
  (一)稻飛虱。全國稻飛虱累計(jì)發(fā)生1.63億畝次、同比減少10.9%,總體中等發(fā)生。燈下蟲量,8月以來南方稻區(qū)累計(jì)誘蟲量同比減少一到九成;但8月中下旬華南西部和東部、江南中西部稻區(qū)出現(xiàn)明顯遷飛蟲峰,其中8月20日福建新羅和江西宜豐、8月21日福州大田單日單燈誘蟲量超萬頭。田間平均百叢蟲量,江西達(dá)1200頭、同比增加50%;廣東、廣西、湖南一般為400—500頭、同比增加30%以上;其他稻區(qū)一般低于300頭。但桂東南、粵東北、閩西北、瓊中、湘中和湘南、贛中、江漢平原、皖東南局部地區(qū)百叢蟲量超3000頭,個(gè)別漏防田塊達(dá)1萬—4萬頭,江西信豐、井岡山、樟樹及福建建寧出現(xiàn)“冒穿”。
 
  (二)稻縱卷葉螟。全國稻縱卷葉螟累計(jì)發(fā)生1.35億畝次、同比減少15.8%,總體中等發(fā)生。燈下蛾量,8月以來長江下游和江淮稻區(qū)累計(jì)誘蛾量同比增加20%以上、較近五年均值增加1倍以上,其他稻區(qū)累計(jì)誘蛾量同比減少一到五成。其中,華南東部、江南、長江中下游和江淮稻區(qū)75個(gè)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)蛾峰。湖南湘鄉(xiāng),上海崇明、奉賢和浦東,浙江柯橋、天臺(tái)、溫州和永康,江蘇丹陽、高淳、江寧、靖江、通州、武進(jìn)和宜興,安徽巢湖、肥東、南譙、桐城、宣州單日單燈蛾量超千頭。特別是8月底至9月初安徽、江蘇等省24個(gè)監(jiān)測點(diǎn)平均單燈累計(jì)誘蛾量達(dá)4400—5400頭、同比增加26倍以上,為2000年以來同期最高。平均畝蛾量,江蘇、安徽沿江沿淮地區(qū)一般為500—1000頭、同比增加4倍以上,局部超3000頭;其他稻區(qū)低于300頭。平均畝幼蟲量,江南、長江下游和江淮稻區(qū)一般為2000—8000頭,其中湖南、安徽、江蘇同比增加10%以上;華南稻區(qū)低于1500頭。
 
  (三)二化螟。全國二化螟累計(jì)發(fā)生1.6億畝次、同比減少1.8%,總體偏重發(fā)生。當(dāng)前,南方大部稻區(qū)世代重疊嚴(yán)重,其中華南稻區(qū)三四代幼蟲混發(fā)、江南稻區(qū)二三代混發(fā),長江中下游和江淮稻區(qū)處于二代幼蟲盛末期。燈下蛾量,8月以來廣東、湖南、江西、浙江累計(jì)誘蛾量同比增加80%以上、較近五年均值增加1.3倍以上。其中,湖南常寧、道縣、漢壽、洪江、醴陵、芷江,江西豐城、臨川、泰和、峽江,浙江常山、臨海、溫嶺、溫州單燈蛾量超千頭。平均畝幼蟲量,湖南、江西一般為1500—3500頭、局部地區(qū)3000—6000頭;其他稻區(qū)低于800頭。其中,閩西北、湘中和湘北、贛中、浙西、鄂中、皖西南局部超3000頭,湖南瀏陽和邵東、江西峽江、湖北鐘祥、上海奉賢個(gè)別田塊達(dá)1.0萬—3.6萬頭。枯心(白穗)率,經(jīng)防控大部稻區(qū)低于1%,江南稻區(qū)一般為1%—3%,湖南桃源、江西峽江個(gè)別田塊超10%。
 
  (四)稻瘟病。全國累計(jì)發(fā)生2257萬畝次,同比增加23%,總體偏輕發(fā)生。經(jīng)防治,江南、長江中下游和江淮稻區(qū)病情擴(kuò)散緩慢,平均病葉率、病穗率一般低于2%,但在老病區(qū)和局部感病品種種植區(qū)發(fā)展較快,病葉率最高達(dá)80%、病穗率最高達(dá)20%。
 
  (五)水稻病毒病。南方水稻黑條矮縮病全國累計(jì)發(fā)生57.5萬畝,同比增加30.4%,總體輕發(fā)生。主要在云南、湖南、江西局部發(fā)生,廣東、福建、安徽零星發(fā)生,病株率一般低于1%。
 
  此外,受臺(tái)風(fēng)“摩羯”影響,水稻細(xì)菌性病害在華南沿海局部地區(qū)呈現(xiàn)流行之勢,其中白葉枯病在粵西、桂南局部地區(qū)發(fā)生較重。
 
  下階段發(fā)生趨勢
 
  據(jù)國家氣候中心預(yù)測,9月,南方水稻產(chǎn)區(qū)氣溫接近常年同期到偏高,其中安徽、上海、江蘇、浙江、江西北部、湖北東部、福建西北部等地偏高1—2℃;南方水稻產(chǎn)區(qū)大部降水接近常年同期到偏少,但華南稻區(qū)降水偏多,其中海南、廣西南部、廣東西部等地偏多2—5成。中下旬將有1—2個(gè)臺(tái)風(fēng)登陸或明顯影響華南和東南沿海。
 
  會(huì)商分析認(rèn)為,目前天氣和晚稻生育期適宜二化螟繼代繁殖為害,該蟲將持續(xù)重發(fā)。稻飛虱在桂東南、粵東北、閩西北、瓊中、湘中和湘南、贛中、江漢平原、皖東南等地,稻縱卷葉螟在長江中下游和江淮稻區(qū)等前期蟲峰較高地區(qū),有滯留本地、加重危害或集中遷入華南等降雨充沛地區(qū)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。華南、東南沿海等臺(tái)風(fēng)登陸及波及地區(qū)出現(xiàn)大風(fēng)和持續(xù)降雨天氣,易導(dǎo)致“兩遷”害蟲跨區(qū)域遷飛為害;臺(tái)風(fēng)引起的水稻植株機(jī)械損傷,有利于細(xì)菌性條斑病等細(xì)菌性病害的擴(kuò)散流行。
 
  各級(jí)植保機(jī)構(gòu)要加強(qiáng)當(dāng)?shù)厮局卮蟛∠x害監(jiān)測調(diào)查,掌握發(fā)生動(dòng)態(tài),準(zhǔn)確研判發(fā)生趨勢,及時(shí)發(fā)布病蟲情報(bào)和預(yù)警,服務(wù)科學(xué)防控,努力防范和降低病蟲災(zāi)害損失。
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