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小麥“三病一蟲”防控技術要點

2024-04-22 09:09:19 來源:全國農業(yè)技術推廣服務中心 閱讀量:19538 評論

導讀:據預測分析,今年小麥赤霉病、莖基腐病、蚜蟲總體呈偏重發(fā)生趨勢。

  【農機網 科技創(chuàng)新】 小麥“三病一蟲”(條銹病、赤霉病、莖基腐病、蚜蟲)是我國小麥上發(fā)生范圍廣、重發(fā)頻率高、危害損失重的主要病蟲,其中條銹病、赤霉病、蚜蟲為我國一類病蟲害,莖基腐病近年擴展蔓延迅速。據預測分析,今年小麥赤霉病、莖基腐病、蚜蟲總體呈偏重發(fā)生趨勢,條銹病在局部麥區(qū)偏重流行,對小麥單產提升和豐產豐收構成嚴重威脅。為經濟、綠色、高效控制小麥“三病一蟲”危害,特制定防控技術要點。
 
  一、小麥條銹病
 
  西北、西南越夏區(qū)。實施“帶藥偵查”,發(fā)現病葉立即噴藥防治,嚴防病害擴散蔓延。同時加大條銹菌有性世代治理力度,通過“鏟、噴、封”措施,鏟除麥田周邊50米內小檗,在小檗上銹菌孢子成熟擴散前噴施殺菌劑,對小麥秸稈進行封垛處理,阻斷條銹菌在小麥—小檗間轉主危害,防止病菌生理小種變異。春季一旦出現流行勢頭,及時選用戊唑醇、氟環(huán)唑等藥劑噴霧防治,控制病害流行危害。
 
  西南、漢水流域等冬繁區(qū)。春季全面落實“帶藥偵查、發(fā)現一點、控制一片”打點保面控制措施,壓低菌源基數,降低后期大面積流行風險。一旦田間出現發(fā)病中心,立即組織聯(lián)防聯(lián)控、統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,有效減輕當地危害,減少菌源向黃淮、江淮等小麥主產區(qū)傳播擴散。
 
  黃淮海春季流行區(qū)。加強監(jiān)測調查和預報預警,一旦見病,立即組織全面普查,打點保面、嚴控發(fā)病中心;當田間病葉率達到0.5%—1%時,及時組織統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治,選用戊唑醇、氟環(huán)唑、丙環(huán)唑、已唑醇等藥劑噴霧,遏制病害大面積流行。
 
  二、小麥赤霉病
 
  長江流域、江淮、黃淮南部常發(fā)區(qū)。全面落實“見花打藥”藥劑預防措施,施藥后如遇連陰雨、長時間結露等適宜病害流行天氣,應在第一次用藥后5—7天內進行第二次防治。在多菌靈產生抗性地區(qū),可選用氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑、氟唑菌酰羥胺、葉菌唑等高效藥劑防治,以提高預防效,降低真菌毒素污染風險。要采取輪換用藥等措施,延緩抗藥性產生。農藥劑型上推薦選用耐雨水沖刷的超微粉等。
 
  黃淮北部、華北等偶發(fā)區(qū)。加強監(jiān)測和水肥管理,密切關注抽穗揚花期天氣變化,一旦遇適宜病害發(fā)生氣候條件,應抓住小麥抽穗至揚花初期關鍵時期,選用多菌靈、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、丙硫菌唑等藥劑,及時預防。
 
  三、小麥莖基腐病
 
  在秋播拌種處理的基礎上,早春結合紋枯病防控,噴施丙硫菌唑、丙硫唑、丙環(huán)唑、吡唑醚菌酯、葉菌唑、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇、苯醚甲環(huán)唑、氯氟醚菌唑等對路藥劑,控制病害發(fā)展蔓延。施藥時最好使用自走式噴桿噴霧機或背負式噴霧器,適當加大用水量,注意調低噴頭高度并控制方向,重點噴施小麥莖基部。
 
  四、小麥蚜蟲
 
  返青拔節(jié)期重點做好蟲情監(jiān)測,發(fā)揮天敵自然控害作用。點片發(fā)生時及時進行挑治,當田間百株蚜量200頭以上時采取藥劑防治。小麥抽穗—灌漿期,當田間百穗蚜量達到800頭以上,天敵與麥蚜比例小于1∶150時,可用選擇性殺蟲劑如吡蟲啉、啶蟲脒、氯氟•噻蟲胺等化學藥劑噴霧防治,或選用苦參堿等生物農藥防治,有條件的地區(qū)可釋放蚜繭蜂等天敵開展生物防治。小麥生長后期,可結合小麥條銹病、赤霉病、白粉病等多種病蟲的防治和“一噴三防”作業(yè),添加抗蚜威、新煙堿類藥劑開展統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。施藥機械要選用噴桿噴霧機、植保無人飛機等高效施藥機械和小孔徑噴頭噴霧,添加相應的功能助劑,確保防治效果。
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