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2023年秋收農(nóng)作物秸稈科學(xué)還田指導(dǎo)意見

2023-09-19 10:47:50 來源:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量:15977 評論

導(dǎo)讀:為做好東北、黃淮海、長江中下游、西南、華南和西北等區(qū)域主要農(nóng)作物秸稈的高質(zhì)量還田和還田地塊的科學(xué)管理,確保下茬作物穩(wěn)產(chǎn)豐收,提出如下指導(dǎo)意見。

  【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】秋收期間,秸稈產(chǎn)生量大、秋播茬口緊,秸稈還田任務(wù)重,為做好東北、黃淮海、長江中下游、西南、華南和西北等區(qū)域主要農(nóng)作物秸稈的高質(zhì)量還田和還田地塊的科學(xué)管理,確保下茬作物穩(wěn)產(chǎn)豐收,提出如下指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  東北地區(qū)
 
  東北地區(qū)是水稻和春玉米主要產(chǎn)區(qū)。秋收前夕,受前期臺風(fēng)帶來的暴雨和洪澇災(zāi)害影響,農(nóng)田土壤含水量普遍較高,局部低洼地塊尚有積水。秸稈還田需充分考慮今年的墑情特點(diǎn),重點(diǎn)做好玉米、水稻秸稈還田工作。
 
  受澇地塊及時排水
 
  對受澇地塊在秋收前及時開溝、清淤、疏通溝渠,排出田間水分,利于秋季收獲和秸稈粉碎作業(yè)。因洪澇導(dǎo)致田間積水或嚴(yán)重倒伏而無法進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲的地塊,不宜實施秸稈還田。
 
  秸稈粉碎作業(yè)
 
  選用加裝秸稈粉碎拋撒裝置的玉米(或水稻)聯(lián)合收割機(jī),收割時將秸稈就地粉碎、均勻拋撒,水分過多的地塊建議選用履帶式聯(lián)合收割機(jī)。深翻與覆蓋還田秸稈粉碎長度≤20 cm,粉耙及碎混還田秸稈粉碎長度為5 cm左右,呈撕裂狀,平均留茬高度≤10 cm,在風(fēng)蝕嚴(yán)重地區(qū),秸稈全層覆蓋地塊可適當(dāng)增加留茬高度至20 cm以上,減少冬春大風(fēng)引起的秸稈飄散。粉碎長度合格率≥95%,漏切率≤1.5%;通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,均勻拋撒,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。
 
  玉米秸稈翻埋還田
 
  適用于東北東部區(qū)域,耕層較厚、不易發(fā)生春旱的平川地塊,以及受洪澇災(zāi)害地塊。選用合適的柵欄式液壓翻轉(zhuǎn)犁、圓盤耙,進(jìn)行翻耙整地作業(yè);土壤水分過多的地塊,可以只進(jìn)行秋翻,翌年春季頂漿耙地。秸稈粉碎拋撒后,在封凍前完成翻地、耙地等作業(yè),翻耕深度≥30 cm,秸稈置于15—20 cm土層,翻后耙平耙細(xì),壟作地塊一并完成起壟作業(yè)。后茬春玉米。氮肥按基肥與追肥比例1:2施用,磷鉀肥全部做基肥施用,依據(jù)秸稈還田前期耗氮、后期釋氮的特點(diǎn),在定量施肥的前提下,可適當(dāng)增加氮肥基肥用量。后茬大豆。在播種時一次性施入肥料。
 
  玉米秸稈條帶覆蓋還田
 
  適用于東北西部偏旱區(qū)域,以及東北東部耕層較薄、易春旱的崗地,受洪澇的地塊不宜采用該還田方式。選用條帶耕作機(jī)一次完成秸稈歸行、深松和滅茬碎土作業(yè),作業(yè)時調(diào)整好深松與滅茬碎土深度,也可選擇秸稈歸行機(jī)直接進(jìn)行秸稈歸行。播種帶40—50 cm,秸稈歸行帶80—90 cm,深松深度≥25 cm、滅茬碎土深度10—12 cm。春季旱情不嚴(yán)重的區(qū)域可選擇秋季作業(yè),在作物收獲后至封凍前完成作業(yè);易發(fā)生春旱的區(qū)域在春播前0—3天作業(yè),具體時間根據(jù)土壤墑情而定。后茬春玉米管理同“玉米秸稈翻埋還田”。后茬大豆。在播種時一次性施入肥料。肥料宜施于種子側(cè)向5—6 cm,深度為種下5—6 cm和10—11 cm兩層,分別為施肥量的30%和70%。在玉米拔節(jié)前期或大豆苗期及時進(jìn)行壟溝深松。
 
  玉米秸稈碎混還田
 
  適用于東北東部區(qū)域各種土壤類型及生態(tài)區(qū),尤其適用于土壤質(zhì)地黏重、通透性差的田塊及溫度低、降水量較大的區(qū)域。選用可以一次完成滅茬、深松、旋耕和起壟作業(yè)的整地機(jī),在封凍前完成滅茬、深松、旋耕與起壟作業(yè),重鎮(zhèn)壓后越冬。旋耕(耙)深度≥15 cm,壟寬110—130 cm或60—70 cm;或在土壤水分25%左右時,采用180馬力以上拖拉機(jī)牽引深松機(jī)械進(jìn)行深松,再用圓盤重耙耙地2遍,耙深15—20 cm。低洼易澇或受洪澇地塊應(yīng)起平頭大壟,壟高15 cm左右,防止秸稈集堆。漫崗地可不起壟,采用平作,春季直接播種。翌年春季土壤化凍后及時鎮(zhèn)壓,土壤墑情不足的地塊在播前坐水補(bǔ)墑或播后噴灌。后茬玉米、大豆管理同“玉米秸稈翻埋還田”。
 
  水稻秸稈翻埋還田
 
  適用于東北耕層較厚的稻田區(qū)域,以及不積水的田塊。選用適宜水田作業(yè)的翻地犁或翻埋還田機(jī)進(jìn)行翻耕作業(yè)。秋季秸稈粉碎后,可以秋翻作業(yè)的地塊要及時翻地,立垡越冬;因洪澇或低洼而田間積水地塊,可以在翌年春季排出田間積水后翻地。翻耕深度25 cm以上、漏耕率≤2.5%、重耕率≤5%。翌年春季水稻插秧前15—20天灌水泡田,泡田水深為垡片高度的2/3,泡田3—5天,用攪漿平地機(jī)進(jìn)行攪漿整地,作業(yè)深度16—18 cm,作業(yè)后表面不露殘茬,稻茬秸稈埋壓入泥面5 cm以下。在定量施肥的前提下,可適當(dāng)增加氮肥基肥用量。
 
  水稻秸稈旋耕還田
 
  適用于東北耕層較薄的稻田區(qū)域。選用適宜水田的旋耕機(jī)進(jìn)行旋耕作業(yè)。土壤含水量在25%以下時,采用常規(guī)旋耕機(jī)進(jìn)行旋耕,旋耕深度12—15 cm,漏耕率≤2.5%,重耕率≤5%。翌年春季水稻插秧前10—14天灌水泡田3—5天,泡田深度高出旋耕后的土壤表面2—3 cm,土塊浸透后進(jìn)行平地攪漿作業(yè),作業(yè)時水深在1—3 cm花達(dá)水狀態(tài),作業(yè)后表面不外露殘茬,稻茬秸稈埋壓泥面5 cm以下。在定量施肥的前提下,可適當(dāng)增加氮肥基肥用量。
 
  黃淮海地區(qū)
 
  黃淮海地區(qū)是我國最大的夏玉米主產(chǎn)區(qū)。秋收期間,玉米秸稈產(chǎn)生量大,小麥播種茬口緊,要重點(diǎn)提升還田質(zhì)量,規(guī)范作業(yè)流程,避免秸稈還田翻壓太淺、拋灑不均、鎮(zhèn)壓不實,產(chǎn)生海綿層,造成下茬作物幼苗根系懸空,影響出苗和生長,甚至出現(xiàn)黃苗、死苗。
 
  秸稈粉碎作業(yè)
 
  適用于北京、天津、山東、河南、河北中南部、江蘇和安徽淮北地區(qū)等小麥-玉米輪作種植區(qū)域。選用帶有秸稈切碎和拋灑裝置的聯(lián)合收割機(jī),一次完成玉米收獲和秸稈粉碎拋灑等作業(yè)工序。粉碎長度5 cm左右、成撕裂狀,留茬高度≤8 cm,粉碎長度合格率≥95%,水稻切碎長度合格率≥85%,漏切率≤1.5%;通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板,控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,均勻拋撒,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。
 
  玉米秸稈旋耕還田
 
  部分澇害地區(qū),需及時開溝排水至旋耕機(jī)下田不留深痕,再行作業(yè)。選用的旋耕機(jī)能夠一次完成滅茬、旋耕、還田、掩埋、覆蓋等多道工序。淺旋作業(yè)將地表的玉米秸稈混埋入土,耕深≥15 cm,深旋作業(yè)使用秸稈切碎施肥深旋耕壓實一體機(jī)將玉米秸稈均勻地深旋入土,旋耕深度≥25 cm,耕深合格率≥90%,耕后地表平整度≤5 cm。旋耕后播種小麥,播前旋耕兩遍,鎮(zhèn)壓踏實。磷、鉀肥及鋅肥一次性全部用作基肥;氮肥的50%—60%作基肥,40%—50%拔節(jié)期追肥。也可以選擇小麥專用型緩釋肥,一次性基肥施入。入冬前,根據(jù)土壤墑情進(jìn)行冬前灌溉。
 
  玉米秸稈深翻還田
 
  選用鏵式犁一次完成深耕、混勻、翻埋等多道工序。使用鏵式犁進(jìn)行深耕作業(yè),將地表的玉米秸稈深翻入土,耙平壓實,耕深≥25 cm,耕深穩(wěn)定性變異系數(shù)≤10%,立垡率≤3%,回垡率≤3%。深翻應(yīng)避免將大量生土翻入耕層;深耕前施用基肥,翻耕后秸稈覆蓋要嚴(yán)密,耕后用齒耙進(jìn)行整平壓實作業(yè)。播種、施肥等作業(yè)同“玉米秸稈旋耕還田”。
 
  長江中下游地區(qū)
 
  長江中下游地區(qū)是重要的雙季稻和油料產(chǎn)區(qū),作物復(fù)種指數(shù)高,秋收與秋播間隔時間短,秋收期間區(qū)域內(nèi)連續(xù)降雨或干旱情況時有發(fā)生,晚稻成熟后需搶時收獲并及時粉碎秸稈還田,為秋季耕整地作業(yè)和下茬作物適早秋播搶出時間。
 
  水稻秸稈粉碎旋耕還田
 
  適用于湖北、湖南南部、江西中南部、安徽、江蘇、浙江等水稻—油菜、水稻—小麥輪作區(qū)域。在水稻收獲前10—15天對有明顯水層的稻田在四周開圍溝排水;潛育型水稻田在開好圍溝的基礎(chǔ)上,每隔30—40 m加開一條腰溝。選用帶有秸稈切碎拋撒裝置的聯(lián)合收割機(jī),在水稻收獲的同時將秸稈就地粉碎,均勻拋撒于地表。秸稈粉碎長度5 cm左右、呈撕裂狀,平均留茬高度≤15 cm,粉碎長度合格率≥95%,漏切率≤1.5%;通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,拋撒均勻,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。后茬油菜。在正常土壤墑情條件下,選用65馬力以上拖拉機(jī),配置撒肥機(jī)施用基肥,表土處理深度為15—20 cm。旋耕后按1.8—2.2 m開溝分廂后直播或移栽油菜,直播油菜時可以采用旋耕—滅茬—開溝—施肥—播種一體機(jī)作業(yè);如遇整地播種時連續(xù)降雨且茬口緊張可以采用旋耕—滅茬—開溝一體機(jī)作業(yè),待廂面無水時采用人工或無人機(jī)撒施肥料和播種?;诮斩掃€田腐解規(guī)律和養(yǎng)分釋放特征,秸稈還田的田塊實行氮肥適當(dāng)前移。后茬小麥旋耕、滅茬、施肥作業(yè)同油菜。旋耕作業(yè)后當(dāng)天或2天內(nèi)播種,播種深度3—5 cm。播種后開溝。根據(jù)溫度、墑情、秸稈還田整地質(zhì)量等因素適當(dāng)調(diào)節(jié)播種量,并在表土墑情適宜時鎮(zhèn)壓保墑,力爭一播全苗、壯苗。
 
  水稻秸稈粉碎覆蓋還田
 
  適用于長江中下游茬口緊張的晚熟一季稻—油菜輪作或雙季稻—油菜輪作種植區(qū)域。選用帶有秸稈切碎拋撒裝置的聯(lián)合收割機(jī),在水稻收獲的同時將秸稈就地粉碎,均勻拋撒在整個作業(yè)地表并形成覆蓋,秸稈粉碎長度≤10 cm,平均留茬高度以40—50 cm為宜,粉碎長度合格率≥95%,漏切率≤1.5%;通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,拋撒均勻,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。后茬油菜。適用于油菜免耕直播種植,尤其適用于茬口緊張的晚熟一季稻或晚稻田直播油菜。施肥在水稻收獲后一周內(nèi)完成。施肥后立即根據(jù)土壤墑情狀況采用圓盤開溝機(jī)并配套拖拉機(jī)動力50—80馬力開溝拋撒溝土覆蓋廂面,蓋土不宜過厚,以防影響油菜出苗。
 
  西南地區(qū)
 
  西南地區(qū)秋收作物以水稻和玉米為主。秋收前夕,西南地區(qū)降雨充沛,土壤墑情較好,有利于秸稈還田利用。西南地區(qū)地形多樣,平原和高原平壩地區(qū)便于機(jī)械作業(yè),而丘陵山地機(jī)械作業(yè)難度普遍較高,水稻和玉米秸稈還田需因地制宜,分類施策。
 
  水稻秸稈粉碎翻埋還田
 
  適用于成都平原、云貴高原平壩、四川和重慶淺丘的水稻—小麥、水稻—油菜輪作種植區(qū)域。選用全喂入式水稻聯(lián)合收割機(jī),加裝后置式秸稈粉碎拋撒還田裝置,收割水稻的同時將秸稈就地粉碎,均勻拋撒在整個作業(yè)地表并形成覆蓋。下季作物播種或移栽時,可結(jié)合整地,采用翻旋機(jī)械進(jìn)行滅茬、翻旋和秸稈翻埋還田一體化作業(yè);也可先采用秸稈粉碎機(jī)進(jìn)行滅茬粉碎作業(yè),然后進(jìn)行翻旋作業(yè)。秸稈粉碎長度5 cm左右、呈撕裂狀,低留茬≤15 cm,高留茬25—45 cm,粉碎長度合格率≥95%,漏切率≤1.5%,通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,均勻拋撒,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。耕整時用機(jī)械進(jìn)行翻壓,將秸稈與表層土壤充分混勻,要求水稻秸稈還田整地時田面平整高差≤3 cm,翻壓深度在8—10 cm。后茬油菜。翻旋整地后,開溝排濕,在9月中下旬采用機(jī)械播種。磷肥作底肥一次施用,氮肥的底肥、開盤肥、苔肥比例為5:3:2,氮肥前移,鉀肥的底肥、開盤肥比例為5:5。后茬小麥。在10月下旬至11月上旬,使用小麥播種機(jī)播種一次完成底肥深施、條播、覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓平地工序。施肥深度10—15 cm,播種深度以3—5 cm為宜。氮肥底肥、拔節(jié)肥比例6:4,氮肥前移,磷鉀肥全作底肥一次施用。
 
  水稻秸稈整株覆蓋還田
 
  適用于四川、重慶、云南、貴州等丘陵及山地區(qū)的一季中稻和水稻—油菜輪作種植區(qū)域。采用人工收獲水稻整株,留茬高度≤30 cm,脫粒后整株覆蓋還田,將秸稈均勻覆蓋在稻樁行間,開廂或?qū)捳蟹N植水稻的可將秸稈均勻覆蓋于廂面或?qū)捫兄?,田塊要落干無明水,避免秸稈覆蓋后隨水漂浮。后茬油菜。采用免耕機(jī)械移栽,磷肥作底肥一次施用,氮肥按6:4比例施用,鉀肥按底肥和苗肥5:5比例施用。也可采用免耕無人機(jī)直播油菜,先撒底肥,再用無人機(jī)飛播,并保持稻茬自然直立狀態(tài),肥料用量與機(jī)械移栽一致。
 
  玉米秸稈粉碎翻埋還田
 
  適用于成都平原、四川和重慶丘陵、云貴高原平壩、川西高原平壩機(jī)械化程度較高的玉米單作、油菜—玉米和小麥—玉米輪作種植區(qū)域。選用帶有秸稈切碎拋撒裝置的聯(lián)合收割機(jī),在玉米收獲的同時將秸稈就地粉碎,粉碎、拋灑作業(yè)同“水稻秸稈粉碎翻埋還田”。后茬油菜。要求前茬秸稈還田整地時田面平整高差≤3 cm,秸稈與耕層土壤充分混和,田面沒有裸露的殘茬和雜草。選擇反轉(zhuǎn)旋耕滅茬機(jī)對玉米收獲后的秸稈進(jìn)行滅茬作業(yè)。施肥作業(yè)同“水稻秸稈粉碎翻埋還田”。后茬小麥管理同“水稻秸稈粉碎翻埋還田”。
 
  玉米秸稈整株條帶覆蓋還田
 
  適用于四川、重慶、云南、貴州丘陵及山地機(jī)械化程度較低的玉米單作和小麥—玉米/大豆(甘薯)輪套作種植區(qū)域。玉米采用人工收獲。將玉米秸稈按照歸行化方式處理,均勻順鋪在玉米原位種植帶或者下季空閑行上覆蓋還田,進(jìn)行自然腐解,不影響后茬作物生產(chǎn)作業(yè)。后茬小麥管理同“水稻秸稈粉碎翻埋還田”。
 
  華南地區(qū)
 
  華南地區(qū)秋收作物以水稻和鮮食玉米為主,作物復(fù)種指數(shù)高,秋播茬口緊,下茬作物種類多,需分類做好秸稈還田工作。受臺風(fēng)影響,華南地區(qū)入夏以來降水充沛,土壤墑情較足,利于還田秸稈加快腐熟。
 
  水稻秸稈粉碎還田
 
  適用于福建、廣東、廣西、海南等南方地勢平坦集中連片的水稻種植區(qū)。選用全喂入式縱軸流水稻聯(lián)合收割機(jī),加裝后置式秸稈粉碎拋撒還田裝置,低留茬收割水稻的同時將秸稈就地粉碎,均勻拋撒在整個作業(yè)地表并形成覆蓋。選用深耕深翻機(jī)進(jìn)行秸稈翻埋和土壤翻耕。切碎器為螺旋分布動刀,秸稈粉碎長度≤5 cm、呈撕裂狀,粉碎長度合格率≥95%,漏切率≤1.5%;單季稻或雙季稻第二季留茬高度≤15 cm;再生稻二季留茬高度≤15 cm,冬種紫云英等綠肥則第二季留茬高度≥30 cm;通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,拋撒均勻,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。深耕深翻作業(yè)深度20—25 cm。若田間積水嚴(yán)重,需及時開溝排水再行作業(yè)。后茬紫云英。單季稻10月份收割后或者再生稻第二季11月份收割后種植紫云英越冬的,在10月初水稻收割前5天左右應(yīng)用無人機(jī)撒播紫云英種子。選用履帶自走全喂入式聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)收割后秸稈粉碎覆蓋還田,高留茬對紫云英起到保墑、抗寒和防凍作用。每畝施用5 kg左右復(fù)合肥促進(jìn)紫云英生長。翌年春天早稻播種前用深耕深翻機(jī)將水稻秸稈和紫云英翻埋、整地。后茬油菜。單季稻和再生稻第二季收割后種植油菜的,11月進(jìn)行播種,根據(jù)墑情和長勢加強(qiáng)后期水肥管理。
 
  玉米秸稈粉碎翻埋還田
 
  適用于福建、廣東、廣西、海南等南方鮮食玉米連片種植區(qū)域。人工采收后進(jìn)行秸稈粉碎還田。選用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)對玉米秸稈進(jìn)行粉碎,均勻拋撒在整個作業(yè)地表并形成覆蓋。秸稈粉碎長度≤5 cm、呈撕裂狀,平均留茬高度≤10 cm,粉碎長度合格率≥95%,漏切率≤1.5%;通過加裝均勻拋撒裝置板控制秸稈拋撒力度、方向和范圍,拋撒均勻,覆蓋整個作業(yè)幅寬。后茬蔬菜。10月底,秋玉米收獲后立刻種植白菜、甘藍(lán)和花椰菜等。翻耕前用無人機(jī)撒施或人工撒施復(fù)合肥60 kg/畝作為基肥。選用深耕深翻機(jī)進(jìn)行翻埋,作業(yè)深度≥20 cm。深耕深翻過程中,可通過料倉配件施用商品有機(jī)肥。起壟機(jī)起壟后根據(jù)墑情進(jìn)行蔬菜播種或移栽,并加強(qiáng)水肥管理。后茬玉米。秋玉米收獲后秸稈在田間自然風(fēng)干,翌年1月整地時用秸稈粉碎還田機(jī)對玉米秸稈進(jìn)行粉碎。1月底或2月初種植春玉米。施基肥、深耕深翻、起壟作業(yè)同后茬蔬菜。春玉米移栽前壟上覆蓋白色地膜,防止移栽后早春低溫凍害。選擇陰天或傍晚移栽,移栽后輕輕把土壓實并迅速澆透水。玉米后期管理根據(jù)墑情和降雨情況合理灌溉,施好拔節(jié)肥和攻穗肥。
 
  西北地區(qū)
 
  西北地區(qū)農(nóng)作物秸稈離田利用比例較高,還田利用主要集中于棉花秸稈。由于棉花種植區(qū)普遍干旱少雨,且棉花秸稈木質(zhì)化程度高,質(zhì)地堅硬,若粉不碎、翻不深或壓不實,容易導(dǎo)致還田后腐解緩慢。還田作業(yè)需科學(xué)謀劃,規(guī)范操作。
 
  棉花秸稈粉碎還田
 
  適用于西北棉花種植區(qū),包括新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)(含兵團(tuán))和甘肅棉花種植區(qū)。宜在秸稈呈綠色,即含水率≥25%時,進(jìn)行棉花秸稈粉碎作業(yè)。南疆棉花種植區(qū)選用立式秸稈粉碎還田機(jī),北疆棉花種植區(qū)選用臥式秸稈粉碎還田機(jī),進(jìn)行殘膜回收的棉田選用帶有秸稈粉碎拋撒和殘膜回收功能的聯(lián)合作業(yè)機(jī)。粉碎后棉稈長度≤5 cm,切根遺漏率≤0.5%,秸稈留茬高度≤8 cm,粉碎后的秸稈均勻拋灑在棉田,并盡快進(jìn)行秋翻,耕深≥30 cm,耕層淺的地塊,應(yīng)逐年加深耕層,每年加深2—3 cm。翻埋作業(yè)要耙磨壓實,松碎平整,無大土塊,表土層上虛下實,以打破犁地層為佳。開壟寬度≤35 cm,閉壟高度≤1/3耕深,翻埋秸稈覆蓋率≥85%。秋翻時要在常規(guī)施底肥的基礎(chǔ)上每畝增施2—3 kg氮或100 kg有機(jī)肥,確保土壤微生物分解有機(jī)物所需的碳氮比為25:1至30:1,緩解微生物與下茬作物幼苗爭氮的現(xiàn)象。
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部秸稈綜合利用技術(shù)專家組
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護(hù)總站
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