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丘陵山區(qū)宜機(jī)化改造調(diào)研分析

2022-11-12 11:01:15 來(lái)源：昔陽(yáng)縣農(nóng)業(yè)裝備站 閱讀量：13379 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：導(dǎo)致丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展水平不高的原因是長(zhǎng)期而復(fù)雜的，但一個(gè)共同的實(shí)際是丘陵山區(qū)的耕地條件差，不適宜農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 地方農(nóng)機(jī)]丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)現(xiàn)狀是農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展不充分、不平衡的重要體現(xiàn)，也是農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化水平進(jìn)一步提升的難點(diǎn)和潛力所在。導(dǎo)致丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展水平不高的原因是長(zhǎng)期而復(fù)雜的，但一個(gè)共同的實(shí)際是丘陵山區(qū)的耕地條件差，不適宜農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)。
 
　　一、基本概況
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)有效土層較厚，局部地方甚至高達(dá)數(shù)十米，土壤質(zhì)地疏松，孔性和容重適中，具備良好的耕性。這一特點(diǎn)決定了宜機(jī)化改造可以較大程度進(jìn)行切土，在不需要客土回填的情況下保持挖填平衡。
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)地表侵蝕切割嚴(yán)重，塬梁峁川相互交織，地形破碎復(fù)雜，地勢(shì)高差懸殊，造成了耕地細(xì)碎分散，單個(gè)地塊面積普遍較小，地塊間空間聯(lián)系不緊密。宜機(jī)化改造通常會(huì)打破原有耕地界址。
 
　　二、丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
 
　　從裝備情況來(lái)看，農(nóng)機(jī)總動(dòng)力僅占42%左右，且微耕機(jī)和50馬力(1馬力約等于0.735 kW)以下的中小型機(jī)械占比較大。從機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)情況來(lái)看，耕整地環(huán)節(jié)多借助微耕機(jī)進(jìn)行旋耕作業(yè)，大多數(shù)地塊無(wú)法開(kāi)展深松作業(yè)。播種、中耕、植保、收獲、秸稈處理等作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械化率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于平川地區(qū)，人畜力和半機(jī)械化作業(yè)方式仍然普遍存在農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展不平衡不充分表現(xiàn)十分突出。
 
　　在改造對(duì)象的選擇上，要求改造前地塊坡度不得超過(guò)20°，實(shí)踐中尤以6°～15°之間坡耕地為主，禁止在退耕還林還草區(qū)及各類保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)開(kāi)展宜機(jī)化改造。改造區(qū)域要求道路通達(dá)、土層深厚、集中連片，改造地塊以種植糧食作物為主，集中連片面積多數(shù)在400畝以上。
 
　　改造后的耕地除特殊原因外，均具備改造后的下一個(gè)種植季及時(shí)復(fù)耕的條件，且復(fù)耕時(shí)都實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化作業(yè)。
 
　　三、宜機(jī)化改造工作成效
 
　　實(shí)踐表明，宜機(jī)化改造對(duì)于提升當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)械化生產(chǎn)水平是立竿見(jiàn)影的，主要表現(xiàn)在3個(gè)方面：一是農(nóng)機(jī)裝備運(yùn)用水平的提高；二是農(nóng)機(jī)作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的增加；三是綜合機(jī)械化率的提升。
 
　　有效地減少了耕地撂荒：通過(guò)對(duì)丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展深入調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，丘陵山區(qū)的耕地撂荒現(xiàn)象十分突出，個(gè)別村鎮(zhèn)甚至出現(xiàn)了連片撂荒的情況。導(dǎo)致耕地撂荒的原因是多方面的，有農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效益的問(wèn)題，有農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力外流導(dǎo)致的“空心化”問(wèn)題，也有長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)被忽略的農(nóng)機(jī)化問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上，農(nóng)民種地的主觀意愿是在受到土地耕種捆綁的條件下降低或喪失的，很多撂荒地都是因?yàn)闊o(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)。在此情況下，壯勞力耕種效益低而年邁勞動(dòng)力無(wú)力耕種，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致耕地撂荒。因此，機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)是將勞動(dòng)力從土地中解放出來(lái)，并且保證土地正常耕種的唯一手段。與此同時(shí)，宜機(jī)化改造通過(guò)對(duì)地塊進(jìn)行歸并聯(lián)通和優(yōu)化布局，一定程度上會(huì)增加耕地面積。通過(guò)實(shí)施宜機(jī)化改造，改造后的土地大部分流轉(zhuǎn)到合作社進(jìn)行集中經(jīng)營(yíng)，進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)化發(fā)展，拓展了農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工、銷售等產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈條，增加了農(nóng)民在家就業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)。同時(shí)，機(jī)械化的生產(chǎn)模式解放了農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力，為農(nóng)民增收創(chuàng)造了可能。

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