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災(zāi)害應(yīng)急丨洪澇災(zāi)害對廣西水稻生產(chǎn)影響及對策建議

2022-06-14 10:35:25 來源：廣西農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：21411 評論

導(dǎo)讀：2022年異常天氣多，雖然2月的低溫冰凍天氣未對廣西早稻產(chǎn)生影響，但5月持續(xù)多雨寡照以及當(dāng)前的強(qiáng)降雨天氣，對早稻生產(chǎn)造成的影響更明顯。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】相對于旱作農(nóng)作物來說，水稻雖然耐澇能力較強(qiáng)，但被洪水淹沒仍會(huì)受到傷害。特別是近期廣西連續(xù)大暴雨，導(dǎo)致部分稻田洪澇災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重。
 
　　一、針對洪澇災(zāi)害，可以采取以下應(yīng)對補(bǔ)救措施
 
　　1.盡早排除田間積水和清除田間雜物
 
　　洪澇災(zāi)害發(fā)生后，迅速組織人力，集中排水設(shè)備，進(jìn)行排水搶救，及時(shí)清理疏通排水溝渠，同時(shí)打撈漂浮物、清除田間雜物，盡量減少水稻受淹時(shí)間，減輕損失。
 
　　注意：在陰雨天可一次性將田水排干，以利于水稻恢復(fù)生長，但在高溫烈日天氣，不能一次性將田水排干，必須保留適當(dāng)水層，使水稻逐漸恢復(fù)生長。
 
　　5~7月是南方汛期，雨水多，需要?dú)庀蟛块T配合，加強(qiáng)短期天氣測報(bào)的精確度，各地方政府注意氣象信息，指導(dǎo)當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)戶搶排田間積水、搶時(shí)收割、搶晴曬稻谷。
 
　　2.及時(shí)扶苗洗苗
 
　　稻田遭遇洪澇災(zāi)害后，水質(zhì)渾濁，使大量泥沙或是污泥吸附在葉片上，堵塞氣孔，影響水稻正常生長。
 
　　在退水露苗尖時(shí)，用竹竿來回振蕩，洗去水稻莖稈和葉片上的污泥。
 
　　退水后扶正倒伏稻苗，處于分蘗期和秧苗期的稻苗可采用潑水或是噴霧器噴洗的方式洗苗，清除爛葉、黃葉，以防病害發(fā)生。
 
　　二、洪澇災(zāi)后水稻防護(hù)措施
 
　　1.科學(xué)管水
 
　　移栽稍遲或降雨較多的地方，孕穗前要根據(jù)苗情、天氣加強(qiáng)排水和露曬田，促進(jìn)根系、分蘗生長，莖稈粗壯，增強(qiáng)抗倒伏能力。
 
　　幼穗分化期保持田土濕潤，抽穗揚(yáng)花期做到有水抽穗。
 
　　對已齊穗灌漿稻田要運(yùn)用干濕交替的灌溉方法，切忌斷水過早，以提高結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒重，收獲前5~7天宜斷水，以提高早稻產(chǎn)量和稻米品質(zhì)，并便于農(nóng)機(jī)下田收割。
 
　　2.盡快追肥，增施粒肥和葉面肥
 
　　排水露田同時(shí)，結(jié)合灌淺水補(bǔ)追速效肥，桂北、桂中、桂南各稻作區(qū)根據(jù)水稻不同生育期因地制宜看苗追施肥，對桂北等少部分插植較晚的每畝追施尿素、氯化鉀各3~5公斤作壯蘗肥。
 
　　拔節(jié)期受淹稻田，在排水后3天內(nèi)補(bǔ)施氮肥，追施磷鉀肥；
 
　　抽穗期受淹稻田，可噴施“920”促齊穗，結(jié)合噴施0.2%磷酸二氫鉀葉面肥或用其它葉面肥間隔7~10天進(jìn)行噴施2~3次，以利于提高結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒重；
 
　　孕穗結(jié)實(shí)期受淹稻田，排水后以補(bǔ)噴葉面肥為宜。
 
　　3.加強(qiáng)病蟲害防控
 
　　加強(qiáng)病蟲害防控是災(zāi)后蟲口奪糧、實(shí)現(xiàn)早稻豐產(chǎn)豐收的重要保障。受淹稻田，易發(fā)生細(xì)條病、白葉枯病、紋枯病、穗頸瘟等病害，退水后要及時(shí)：
 
　　噴施45%丙環(huán)唑水乳劑、井岡霉素、12%井岡·蠟芽菌、20%井岡·蠟枯菌間隔7~15天噴施1~3次防治紋枯病、稻瘟病等真菌性病害；
 
　　施20%葉枯唑可濕性粉劑或20%噻菌酮懸浮劑等藥劑間隔7-15天噴1~2次防治細(xì)條病和白葉枯病等細(xì)菌性病害；
 
　　根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)叵x情測報(bào)及時(shí)噴施康寬、四氯蟲酰胺、甲維鹽等藥劑間隔5~7天噴1~2次防治稻縱卷葉螟和鉆心蟲；
 
　　噴施烯啶蟲胺、呋蟲胺、百靚瓏等藥劑間隔5~7天噴1~2次防治稻飛虱。
 
　　5月至今連續(xù)雨天寡照，利于病害發(fā)生、“兩遷害蟲”多次遷入，加之雨天多，施藥防治效果差，蟲源積累較大。因此，加強(qiáng)災(zāi)后病蟲監(jiān)測和預(yù)測預(yù)報(bào)，各地政府根據(jù)病蟲測報(bào)及時(shí)指導(dǎo)農(nóng)戶噴藥防治，重點(diǎn)防治穗頸瘟、紋枯病和“兩遷”害蟲，盡量做到統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治。

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