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推動丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)“機器換人”：宜機化改造＋特色農(nóng)機具推廣

2020-08-24 17:29:42 來源：農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者：林言 閱讀量：56271 評論

導讀：2019年，丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)作物耕種收機械化率只有48%，比全國平均水平低22個百分點。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】 據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部數(shù)據(jù)，當前我國三大主糧生產(chǎn)已基本實現(xiàn)機械化，全國農(nóng)作物耕種收綜合機械化率也突破70%。當前我國農(nóng)業(yè)全面現(xiàn)代化面臨的主要問題是不同作物間、不同區(qū)域間、不同生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展不平衡，尤其是丘陵山區(qū)和平原地區(qū)、經(jīng)濟作物/特色農(nóng)作物與糧食作物間差距較大。
 
　　丘陵山區(qū)是我國糧油糖和特色農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的重要生產(chǎn)基地，也是貧困人口的集中地，分布在19個省區(qū)市的1400多個縣市區(qū)。其耕地面積、農(nóng)作物播種面積均占全國的三分之一。長期以來，受自然條件限制，丘陵山區(qū)地塊零散，地塊不規(guī)則且坡陡坎高，田間缺乏機耕道路，田塊細碎、高低不平，導致“牛進得去、鐵牛進不去”，農(nóng)機“下田難”“作業(yè)難”。2019年，丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)作物耕種收機械化率只有48%，比全國平均水平低22個百分點。

　　針對丘陵山區(qū)難以開展集中連片農(nóng)機作業(yè)這一難題，2018年發(fā)布的《國務院關于加快推進農(nóng)業(yè)機械化和農(nóng)機裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)轉型升級的指導意見》明確提出，推進機械化生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)田建設相適應，重點支持丘陵山區(qū)開展農(nóng)田“宜機化”改造。今年中央一號文件也強調“支持丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機化改造”。
 
　　改善基礎條件：“直擊”痛點
 
　　去年以來，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部門與各方聯(lián)手推動丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機化改造。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，近兩年重慶、山西、湖北、湖南、廣西、甘肅等省份共計投入資金76億元，完成農(nóng)田宜機化改造面積近350萬畝，目前丘陵山區(qū)累計改造面積達790萬畝。
 
　　重慶市修訂《農(nóng)業(yè)機械化促進條例》，專門增設了農(nóng)田宜機化改造章節(jié)。該條例規(guī)定，“市、區(qū)縣(自治縣)人民政府應當采取有效措施，促進農(nóng)田宜機化改造，統(tǒng)籌相關財政資金，采取先建后補、包干獎補、貸款貼息、融資擔保等方式，引導金融機構和社會資本加大農(nóng)田宜機化改造的支持和投入力度。市、區(qū)縣(自治縣)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村主管部門負責組織開展農(nóng)田宜機化改造工作，并按照相關規(guī)定落實扶持措施。”同時，重慶市組建專家組和專家工作室，加強項目建設指導和技術培訓，2019年以來農(nóng)田宜機化改造試點面積達20萬畝。
 
　　廣東省印發(fā)《關于進一步加強高標準農(nóng)田建設的通知》，提出高標準農(nóng)田建設要把“宜機化”作為重要目標，規(guī)范田間道路、田塊長度寬度與平整度，改善農(nóng)機通行和作業(yè)條件。
 
　　安徽省出臺政策開展丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機化改造工作試點，要求各地將丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機化改造工作擺上重要議事日程，納入到當?shù)馗邩藴兽r(nóng)田建設范圍，統(tǒng)籌推進丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機化改造工作，并安排丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)田宜機化改造試點獎補資金，采取先建后補的方式對承擔主體進行補助。
 
　　湖南省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳、財政廳印發(fā)《進一步強化農(nóng)機購置補貼政策實施加快推進農(nóng)業(yè)機械化發(fā)展的若干措施》，安排3000萬元資金，實施丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化提升工程，先行支持15個縣開展果菜茶田土宜機化改造，解決農(nóng)機進不了園的問題。
 
　　宜機化改造：“機”也要同步跟上
 
　　宜機化改造的同時我們還應意識到，在丘陵山區(qū)，與經(jīng)濟作物、特色作物相適用的農(nóng)機具并不多。在這點上，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部副部長張?zhí)伊衷赋?，要引導科研單位和企業(yè)研發(fā)推廣特色作物生產(chǎn)、特產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖需要的高效農(nóng)機。大力開展丘陵山區(qū)適用農(nóng)機專項鑒定工作，引導和促進創(chuàng)新成果轉化應用，增加特色農(nóng)機具供給。
 
　　尤其在農(nóng)機補貼上，當前多個省份已將丘陵地區(qū)特色產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所需新型機具納入農(nóng)機購置補貼范圍。
 
　　江西省將茶葉色選機、茶葉輸送機、茶葉壓扁機、果樹修剪機、食用菌料裝瓶(袋)機、果園軌道運輸機、秸稈收集機等助力丘陵山區(qū)等貧困地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所需機具，全部納入江西省農(nóng)機購置補貼范圍。
 
　　重慶市農(nóng)機購置補貼機具范圍新增茶葉色選機、茶葉輸送機、茶葉壓扁機、果樹修剪機、食用菌料裝瓶(袋)機、果園軌道運輸機、秸稈收集機、沼氣電池組、筑埂機、風送噴霧機等10個機具品目。
 
　　貴州省將助力茶葉、水果、食用菌等12個特色優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展所需機具納入中央農(nóng)機購置補貼范圍；同時將食用菌料混合機、遙控飛行噴霧機納入新產(chǎn)品試點。
 
　　廣東省今年將茶葉色選機、茶葉輸送機、茶葉壓扁機、果樹修剪機、食用菌料裝瓶(袋)機、果園軌道運輸機等納入中央財政農(nóng)機購置補貼。
 
　　結語：近幾年，經(jīng)濟作物相關農(nóng)機的市場逐漸開拓，各類小眾農(nóng)機從“無”到“有”出現(xiàn)在市場上。而據(jù)有關部門統(tǒng)計，今年上半年果蔬茶等小眾農(nóng)機市場也克服疫情出現(xiàn)了一定幅度的攀升。這一方面說明政策對行業(yè)及市場的拉動作用明顯，另一方面也說明小眾農(nóng)機發(fā)展黃金期或將到來。

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