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全國土地日,關(guān)注“財富之母”

———“嚴格保護耕地,節(jié)約集約用地”
2019-06-25 17:12:58 來源:農(nóng)機網(wǎng)原創(chuàng) 作者:四夕 閱讀量:53122 評論

導讀:6月25日,是第二十九個全國土地日,主題為“嚴格保護耕地,節(jié)約集約用地”。1986年,我國部專門調(diào)整土地關(guān)系的大法——《中華人民共和國土地管理法》頒布,當日被確定為全國土地日,這也成為一個專門為保護土地而設(shè)立的紀念日。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 編輯視角】6月25日,是第二十九個全國土地日,主題為“嚴格保護耕地,節(jié)約集約用地”。1986年,我國部專門調(diào)整土地關(guān)系的大法——《中華人民共和國土地管理法》頒布,當日被確定為全國土地日,這也成為一個專門為保護土地而設(shè)立的紀念日。
 

        土地資源發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀:人多地少
 
  目前,我國土地總面積達到960多萬平方公里,占世界陸地總面積的1/15,但人均土地面積卻不到世界平均數(shù)的1/3。其中,東部地區(qū)有著占據(jù)全國土地面積1/3的平原丘陵地區(qū),這里分布著我國2/3以上的人口和耕地,而西部地區(qū)面積約占全國2/3的山地、高原和盆地則是我國主要的牧區(qū)、林區(qū)或是干旱和半干旱農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)。
 
  作為傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)大國,傳承數(shù)千年的農(nóng)業(yè)形態(tài)在日常生活中占據(jù)著重要地位,然而我國的耕地資源卻整體呈現(xiàn)出“人均耕地少,耕地少,耕地后備資源少”的特點。我國以不到世界10%的耕地,承載著世界22%的人口,人均耕地只有1.37畝,不足世界平均數(shù)的40%。統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表明,我國耕地、高產(chǎn)田僅占耕地總量的30%;2億畝耕地后備資源中,適宜開墾的僅占40%左右。
 
  與此同時,據(jù)相關(guān)報道,目前我國受鎘、砷、鉻、鉛等重金屬污染的耕地面積近2000萬公頃,約占總耕地面積的1/5,其中工業(yè)“三廢”污染耕地1000萬公頃,污水灌溉的農(nóng)田面積已達330多萬公頃。此外,全國有1300~1600萬公頃耕地受到農(nóng)藥的污染。土地開發(fā)利用面臨嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨著巨大的土地資源壓力。
 
  基本國策:十分珍惜、合理利用土地和切實保護耕地
 
  《中華人民共和國土地管理法》第3條規(guī)定:“十分珍惜、合理利用土地和切實保護耕地是我國的基本國策。各級人民政府應(yīng)當采取措施,全面規(guī)劃,嚴格管理,保護、開發(fā)土地資源,制止非法占用土地的行為。”
 
  此外,有關(guān)保護耕地的規(guī)定明確表示:各級政府應(yīng)當嚴格確保本行政區(qū)域內(nèi)耕地總量不減少;耕地總量減少的,在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)組織開墾與所減少耕地的數(shù)量與質(zhì)量相當?shù)母?;沒有條件開墾或者開墾的耕地不符合要求的,繳納耕地開墾費,專款用于開墾新的耕地。并且,非農(nóng)業(yè)建設(shè)必須節(jié)約使用土地,可以利用荒地的,不得占用耕地;禁止占用耕地建窯、建墳或者擅自在耕地上建房、挖砂、采石、采礦、取土等;禁止任何單位和個人閑置、荒蕪耕地。
 
  緊守耕地數(shù)量和質(zhì)量兩條紅線,實施親土種植
 
  近年來,我國越來越推崇親土種植模式,采取對土壤“親和、友好”的方式來開展種植作業(yè),實現(xiàn)作物高產(chǎn)和耕地質(zhì)量提升兩大目標,兼顧耕地質(zhì)量與農(nóng)業(yè)豐產(chǎn)。廣西制定土壤污染防治攻堅三年作戰(zhàn)方案,目標到2020年,全區(qū)受污染耕地安全利用率達到79%左右;據(jù)了解,黑龍江省也制定了黑土耕地保護三年行動計劃,加強農(nóng)田生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量建設(shè),改善黑土耕地設(shè)施條件、內(nèi)在質(zhì)量、生態(tài)環(huán)境,切實保護好黑土地這一珍貴資源。
 
  在緊守耕地數(shù)量和質(zhì)量兩條紅線的基礎(chǔ)上,開展高標準農(nóng)田建設(shè),深入實施耕地質(zhì)量保護和提升行動也能夠有效遏制耕地退化趨勢,提升耕地質(zhì)量。在鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略提出后,多地因地制宜提出《關(guān)于實施鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略的意見》,大多對于高標準農(nóng)田建設(shè)都有相關(guān)具體要求。如:江西省提出到2020年全面建成2825萬畝高標準農(nóng)田;福建省到2021年基本完成800萬畝水稻生產(chǎn)功能區(qū)建設(shè)任務(wù);安徽省到2020年全省耕地保有量不少于8736萬畝;江蘇省5年新建高標準農(nóng)田1500萬畝等等。
 
  此外,為保證農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)所依賴的土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康與穩(wěn)定,我國多地采取了輪作休耕模式。按照中央部署,2019年中央財政支持輪作休耕試點面積為3000萬畝,當前部分省市已出臺相關(guān)政策推進輪作休耕制度試點工作。到2020年,我國耕地輪作休耕面積力爭達到5000萬畝。
 
  盤活農(nóng)村用地,提高土地利用率
 
  在全國土地日來臨之際,多地緊密圍繞“嚴格保護耕地,節(jié)約集約用地”宣傳主題開展系列活動,宣傳農(nóng)村宅基地一戶一宅、不動產(chǎn)登記、基本農(nóng)田保護、土地資源法律法規(guī)等知識,切實提高全社會關(guān)注土地資源、嚴格保護耕地、節(jié)約集約用地的意識。
 
  以浙江省義烏市為例,其通過宅基地跨村安置,盤活農(nóng)村建設(shè)用地,提升土地利用,有效創(chuàng)新宅基地落地的方式,有效破解了已批宅基地落地難問題。當前,義烏市全市范圍內(nèi)已有3個鎮(zhèn)街11個村共593間未利用宅基地整備協(xié)議已簽訂,其中6個村336.5間整備方案已獲市政府批準,下步可啟動跨村(跨鎮(zhèn)街)安置報名。
 
  此外,義烏市自然資源與規(guī)劃局以“大調(diào)查、大規(guī)劃、大空間、大項目、大產(chǎn)出、大生態(tài)”六大行動為抓手,著力盤活全域各類土地資源。通過“大調(diào)查”行動,開展義烏全域土地綜合調(diào)查,對需盤活提升的土地,查明土地坐落、面積總量、土地類型、土地現(xiàn)狀等基本情況。在大調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,編制國土空間規(guī)劃,將“多規(guī)合一”落實到全域1105平方公里土地上,建立國土空間規(guī)劃體系。
 
  土地資源是人類生存的基本資料和勞動對象,但是,土地資源的總量是有限的,其經(jīng)濟供給具有相對稀缺性。隨著城市化進程的不斷加快,土地資源短缺問題正日益成為我國經(jīng)濟社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的制約瓶頸。在第29個土地日,國家自然資源部再次建議大家珍惜每一寸土地,用好每一寸耕地,像保護大熊貓一樣保護耕地,把中國人的飯碗牢牢端在自己手里。
 
  部分資料來源:自然資源部、中國生態(tài)文明、浙江新聞。
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