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制造業(yè)尷尬處境：“機(jī)器換人”短缺的還是“人”

2017-10-17 09:48:00 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：50736 評(píng)論

導(dǎo)讀：進(jìn)入新常態(tài)的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)，正在從高速增長轉(zhuǎn)向中高速增長。根據(jù)世界各國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律可以判斷，我國的工業(yè)化高潮已經(jīng)基本結(jié)束，創(chuàng)新和轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)將成為我國新常態(tài)階段經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主旋律。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】進(jìn)入新常態(tài)的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)，正在從高速增長轉(zhuǎn)向中高速增長。根據(jù)世界各國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律可以判斷，我國的工業(yè)化高潮已經(jīng)基本結(jié)束，創(chuàng)新和轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)將成為我國新常態(tài)階段經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主旋律。
 
　　在我國的傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)中，企業(yè)已經(jīng)意識(shí)到，靠廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力和外延式擴(kuò)張不僅不可能再獲得豐厚的報(bào)酬，而且可能導(dǎo)致企業(yè)被淘汰。事實(shí)上，許多制造業(yè)企業(yè)已經(jīng)開始尋求技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品上的更新。
 
　　2012年底，在浙江、江蘇的傳統(tǒng)制造企業(yè)中逐漸興起了“機(jī)器換人”，眾多企業(yè)紛紛引進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化、自動(dòng)化的裝備進(jìn)行技術(shù)的改造升級(jí)。2014年，隨著“東莞一號(hào)”文件及各項(xiàng)扶持政策的出臺(tái)，“機(jī)器換人”在珠三角的制造業(yè)重鎮(zhèn)—東莞轟轟烈烈的開展，并在全國掀起了一場(chǎng)“機(jī)器換人”的浪潮。
 
　　借鑒2014年8月頒布的《東莞市“機(jī)器換人”專項(xiàng)資金管理辦法》，“機(jī)器換人”是進(jìn)一步減少企業(yè)生產(chǎn)用工總量，優(yōu)化工藝技術(shù)流程，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和產(chǎn)品率，提升企業(yè)發(fā)展質(zhì)量和水平的重大舉措。
 
　　現(xiàn)今，機(jī)械化已成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)、制造業(yè)必不可缺的部分，人類創(chuàng)造了機(jī)械，機(jī)器的制造與使用更離不開“人”。殊不知，技術(shù)人才在我國還存在較大的缺口。
 
　　關(guān)于諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者，截止2017年，*諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的獲得者共有876人，根據(jù)諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主國人數(shù)排名統(tǒng)計(jì)，按照獲獎(jiǎng)時(shí)國籍與原國籍，美國共有356名諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者，占據(jù)了諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)獲得者總?cè)藬?shù)的三分之一。*二的是英國，德國*三，他們的獲獎(jiǎng)人數(shù)均超過了100人。
 
　　雖然科研不等于科技能力，但是在2017科技公司排名中，美國占據(jù)八家。自上世紀(jì)九十年代以來，*90%以上的應(yīng)用科技創(chuàng)新，背后都有著硅谷的影子。不過值得一提的是富士康是2017科技公司排名中一家上榜的中國公司。
 
　　關(guān)于教育，在世界好的200所大學(xué)中，美國占據(jù)了75所，英國占據(jù)了32所，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其它國家。在美國國家局的申請(qǐng)數(shù)目當(dāng)中，日本擁有數(shù)量*二，這一直被視作是日本創(chuàng)新能力的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)。
 
　　自二戰(zhàn)以后，日本政府極其重視對(duì)教育的投入，以“科技立國”教育水平一直居于世界前列。并且日本人常常是一輩子只干一個(gè)行業(yè)，而技術(shù)制造行業(yè)注重的就是積累，因此，日本對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的注重更加使得其產(chǎn)品擁有更好地用戶體驗(yàn)，占據(jù)市場(chǎng)。
 
　　說到德國，印象就是德國人一絲不茍的精神，和他的精密機(jī)械。德國的科技來源于德國的教育，更來源于德國的制造業(yè)，德國對(duì)科研的大力投入使得其工廠的自動(dòng)化，無人化技術(shù)進(jìn)程很快。
 
　　天津大學(xué)校長李家俊在接受采訪時(shí)指出，“一是我國當(dāng)前高等教育評(píng)價(jià)體系存在趨同化傾向，難以突出以工科為特色的高校為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展作出貢獻(xiàn)的質(zhì)量和水平。二是現(xiàn)行財(cái)政撥款使用機(jī)制仍以綜合定額加專項(xiàng)補(bǔ)助的模式為主，形式相對(duì)簡單。理科、工科、文科的實(shí)際辦學(xué)成本區(qū)分不夠，工科的辦學(xué)成本和對(duì)制造業(yè)工程人才培養(yǎng)的貢獻(xiàn)未得到充分考慮，這種導(dǎo)向?qū)?huì)嚴(yán)重制約工程人才的培育。”并建議，建立打造“全鏈條”工程人才培養(yǎng)體系，建立和完善制造業(yè)相關(guān)人才標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系，改革企業(yè)職稱評(píng)聘機(jī)制，建立制造業(yè)工程師執(zhí)業(yè)資格制度，加快工程師認(rèn)證與市場(chǎng)接軌，建立企業(yè)行業(yè)參與大學(xué)人才培養(yǎng)的長效機(jī)制等。
 
　　筆者認(rèn)為，在我國關(guān)于“制造業(yè)一線工人”的正面宣揚(yáng)和保護(hù)措施都很欠缺，導(dǎo)致許多大學(xué)畢業(yè)生不愿意去制造生產(chǎn)一線工作。與20世紀(jì)五六十年代相比，我國工程師職業(yè)的社會(huì)認(rèn)可度下降的太多。“機(jī)器換人”換掉的是廉價(jià)勞動(dòng)力，缺少的卻是技術(shù)型人才和“工匠”。我國現(xiàn)已成為制造大國，制造業(yè)是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)。因此，在制造大國向制造強(qiáng)國升級(jí)的過程中，各行各業(yè)都得出一份力，我們農(nóng)機(jī)人更應(yīng)如此。
 
　　中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處。
 
　　資料來源：機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化，光明日?qǐng)?bào)

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