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指導(dǎo)意見 | 2024年天津市夏大豆單產(chǎn)提升技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-06-14 08:49:21 來源：天津市農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展服務(wù)中心 閱讀量：14418 評論

導(dǎo)讀：針對我市大豆生產(chǎn)，制定夏大豆單產(chǎn)提升技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】 當(dāng)前，我市正值“三夏”生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵時期，夏大豆即將搶時播種。為切實抓好大豆播種和田間管理，確保大豆單產(chǎn)明顯提高，針對我市大豆生產(chǎn)，制定夏大豆單產(chǎn)提升技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
　　一、科學(xué)選種，做好種子處理
 
　　選擇成熟期適中、高產(chǎn)、適應(yīng)性與抗病性好、稈強(qiáng)抗倒、適合機(jī)械化收獲的高產(chǎn)品種。所選品種應(yīng)通過天津市審定或引種備案，嚴(yán)禁跨區(qū)引種。播前進(jìn)行發(fā)芽率測定，根據(jù)種子發(fā)芽率確定畝播種量，并選用含有精甲霜靈•咯菌腈成分的種衣劑進(jìn)行播前拌種，提高大豆保苗率。
 
　　二、適墑播種，提高出苗質(zhì)量
 
　　苗齊苗全苗勻苗壯是大豆單產(chǎn)提升的關(guān)鍵。建議雨后趁墑播種，墑情不足時可造墑播種或播后噴灌補(bǔ)墑。一般地塊畝保苗1.2萬～1.5萬株，耐密品種或者晚播可適當(dāng)增加密度。建議使用免耕覆秸精量播種機(jī)，一次性完成精量播種、側(cè)深施肥、秸稈覆蓋等作業(yè)；也可小麥低茬收割、秸稈粉碎拋撒，趁墑免耕播種。
 
　　三、優(yōu)化施肥，推進(jìn)減量增效
 
　　合理施用氮磷鉀肥料。補(bǔ)充硼肥和鉬肥，在缺乏癥狀較輕地區(qū)，可采取微肥拌種的方式，最好和微生物菌劑混合拌種，提高結(jié)瘤效率。每畝施用復(fù)合肥(15：20：10)12～22公斤，如果底肥施用不足，可在大豆花莢期畝追施尿素5公斤。為增加粒重，提高產(chǎn)量，可在大豆鼓粒期每畝再噴施磷酸二氫鉀200克+硼砂0.5公斤。有條件的地區(qū)可采用滴灌、噴灌等水肥一體化技術(shù)。
 
　　四、統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，強(qiáng)化綠色防控
 
　　播種后及時進(jìn)行封閉除草，也可在大豆2～3片復(fù)葉期進(jìn)行苗后除草。選用含有吡蟲啉、噻蟲嗪以及殺菌劑的種衣劑包衣防治主要病害、苗期刺吸式昆蟲危害。注意防治點蜂緣蝽、灰飛虱、紅蜘蛛、蚜蟲等蟲害，重點防治點蜂緣蝽，預(yù)防“癥青”現(xiàn)象發(fā)生。提倡統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治，早晨或傍晚點蜂緣蝽活動較遲鈍，防治效果良好。藥劑施用避免重噴、漏噴，防止藥害發(fā)生，提高防除效果。
 
　　五、前控后促，加強(qiáng)防災(zāi)減損
 
　　大豆苗期適當(dāng)控水，促進(jìn)大豆根系下扎；花莢期如遇干旱天氣，建議灌溉補(bǔ)水，促進(jìn)大豆結(jié)莢和鼓粒。對旺長田塊，在分枝期或初花期用5%的烯效唑可濕性粉劑25~50 克/畝，兌水40~50 公斤噴施莖葉，控制基部節(jié)間伸長，防止倒伏。
 
　　六、適時機(jī)收，力促提質(zhì)增效
 
　　大豆葉片全部脫落，植株呈現(xiàn)原有品種色澤，籽粒含水量降為16%～18%時可進(jìn)行機(jī)械收獲。含水量過大、過小時均易發(fā)生種子破碎。要避開露水，防止籽粒黏附泥土，導(dǎo)致“泥花臉”，影響外觀品質(zhì)。建議選用大豆專用收割機(jī)或配備大豆專用割臺的收割機(jī)收獲。使用稻麥?zhǔn)崭顧C(jī)收獲時注意調(diào)整撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速，減輕對植株的擊打力度，減少落莢、落粒。正確選擇和調(diào)整脫粒滾筒的轉(zhuǎn)速與間隙，降低大豆籽粒的破損率。

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