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水稻無人機追肥技術(shù)指導意見

2024-05-09 08:34:01 來源：全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心 閱讀量：10742 評論

導讀：選擇當?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中普遍使用的農(nóng)用無人機，有效負載50公斤以上為宜。水稻追肥時有效播撒幅寬3—5米、作業(yè)高度3—4米、飛行速度4—6米/秒，每畝施肥量誤差不超過5%。

　　【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】
 
　　適用區(qū)域
 
　　適用于水稻主產(chǎn)區(qū)。
 
　　技術(shù)要點
 
　　（一）無人機選擇
 
　　選擇當?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中普遍使用的農(nóng)用無人機，有效負載50公斤以上為宜。水稻追肥時有效播撒幅寬3—5米、作業(yè)高度3—4米、飛行速度4—6米/秒，每畝施肥量誤差不超過5%。無人機續(xù)航能力應滿足作業(yè)要求，具備自主作業(yè)、智能避障、漏堵報警、實時監(jiān)控和軌跡記錄等功能。
 
　　（二）肥料選擇
 
　　無人機撒施肥料一般以氮肥為主，常選用尿素。葉面噴施時應選擇水溶性好的肥料，如磷酸二氫鉀、硫酸鎂、硫酸鋅、硼酸、硅酸等，或大量元素水溶肥料、中量元素水溶肥料、微量元素水溶肥料、含氨基酸水溶肥料、含腐植酸水溶肥料、有機水溶肥料等。
 
　　（三）肥料用量
 
　　1、撒施
 
　　東北單季稻區(qū)視苗情長勢每畝追施尿素5—9公斤，長江中下游單雙季稻區(qū)每畝追施尿素8—12公斤，江南華南單雙季稻區(qū)每畝追施尿素6—13公斤，西南高原山地單季稻區(qū)每畝追施尿素8—10公斤。
 
　　2、葉面噴施
 
　　可在水稻不同生長期視苗情長勢和天氣情況進行，肥料用量如下表。
 

 

　　注：每畝用水量不少于3升，取肥料用量上限時，用水量不少5升。噴施肥液濃度尿素不超過10%，磷酸二氫鉀不超過3%，七水硫酸鎂和七水硫酸鋅不超3%，硼酸不超過2%，硅酸不超過2%。
 
　　（四）施肥建議
 
　　1、采用無人機撒施肥料，通常應選擇在拔節(jié)期和抽穗期進行。
 
　　2、偏酸性地塊應施用鈣鎂磷肥；偏堿性地塊追肥宜采用硫酸銨，少用或不用尿素。
 
　　3、抽穗至灌漿中期根據(jù)水稻長勢噴施磷酸二氫鉀2—3次。
 
　　4、土壤缺鋅缺硼地區(qū)在孕穗期或灌漿初期噴施鋅、硼肥1—2次，缺鎂、潛育化稻田和低溫寡照地區(qū)在孕穗期及時補充鎂肥和硅肥1—2次。
 
　　（五）作業(yè)程序
 
　　1、使用無人機追施肥前，根據(jù)作業(yè)條件設置無人機的飛行高度、速度、噴幅、航線方向、噴灑量、霧化顆粒大小等參數(shù)并試飛，試飛正常后方可進行飛行作業(yè)。
 
　　2、葉面噴肥作業(yè)前，按照建議的濃度用清水溶解肥料，待全部溶解后，靜置3—5分鐘，取清液噴施。
 
　　3、葉面噴肥作業(yè)應在風力小于3級的陰天或晴天傍晚進行，防止灼傷稻苗，確保肥效。
 
　　4、追肥作業(yè)后，應記錄無人機作業(yè)情況。葉面噴肥后若遇雨，應重新噴施。
 
　　5、噴施作業(yè)結(jié)束后，觀察水稻長勢決定是否再次噴施。前后兩次噴施至少間隔7—10天，不可盲目噴施造成肥害。
 
　　注意事項
 
1、無人機操作人員應持證上崗，做好防護措施。無人機轉(zhuǎn)運時應遠離，禁止觸摸。
 
　　2、肥料混合噴施時應按照品種特性和使用說明進行混配。
 
　　3、嚴格遵守無人機飛行相關法律法規(guī)。
 
　　來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司、全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部科學施肥專家指導組

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