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2024年青稞生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2024-04-15 08:41:25 來源:全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心 閱讀量:18660 評論

導(dǎo)讀:農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部小宗糧豆專家指導(dǎo)組會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心以“選擇良種、合理輪作、適期播種、科學(xué)肥水、控草防病”為重點提出2024年青稞生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。

  【農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 青稞是藏區(qū)主導(dǎo)優(yōu)勢作物和主要糧食作物,近年主產(chǎn)區(qū)條紋病、云紋病、網(wǎng)斑病、穗腐病等病害不同程度發(fā)生,為進一步加強青稞病害防控,引導(dǎo)綠色高效種植,促進青稞生產(chǎn)發(fā)展,農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部小宗糧豆專家指導(dǎo)組會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心以“選擇良種、合理輪作、適期播種、科學(xué)肥水、控草防病”為重點提出2024年青稞生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見。
 
  河谷盆地臺地產(chǎn)區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)主要包括藏南“一江兩河”中部和藏東“三江”流域河谷,青海海南臺地旱作和青海海西柴達木盆地灌區(qū),四川甘孜州雅礱江流域的甘孜、新龍等縣河谷產(chǎn)區(qū)。
 
  (一)選擇良種。根據(jù)各地生態(tài)條件和生產(chǎn)水平科學(xué)選種,避免未經(jīng)試驗的跨區(qū)引種。藏南、藏東兩大河谷產(chǎn)區(qū)可選用高稈抗倒、抗病、中晚熟高產(chǎn)品種;青海海南臺地旱作和海西盆地灌區(qū)選用中早熟、半矮稈、抗病高產(chǎn)品種,搭配抗倒中高稈品種;甘孜雅礱江河谷產(chǎn)區(qū)選用高稈抗倒、抗病、中熟豐產(chǎn)品種。
 
  (二)合理密植。按畝基本苗西藏河谷、川西河谷20萬—22萬株、青海海南臺地和海西盆地20萬—24萬株的要求,西藏河谷、川西河谷畝播種量15公斤左右,青海海南臺地和海西盆地畝播種量20公斤,適期采用機械條播并加施種肥。10厘米地溫穩(wěn)定通過0℃即可播種,一般4月上旬,海西地區(qū)部分可到4月下旬播種,播種深度3—5厘米,確保全苗。
 
  (三)科學(xué)肥水。按照“重基少追”原則,提倡一次性施足、深施底肥。基肥在耕前深施,西藏河谷農(nóng)區(qū)除畝施普通農(nóng)家肥1000公斤以上或純羊糞600—800公斤外,畝施磷酸二銨和尿素各12—15公斤。青海省實施“雙減增效”行動的地區(qū),畝施符合NY/T 525的商品有機肥300—400公斤以部分替代化肥,同時施入二銨10—15公斤、尿素5公斤。西藏河谷產(chǎn)區(qū)在頭水后、青海柴達木盆地產(chǎn)區(qū)在二水后用播種機補施追肥。有條件情況下可增加青稞專用肥,特別是緩釋肥的用量,防止后期脫肥。春青稞全生育期一般灌水3—4次,有灌溉條件產(chǎn)區(qū)常在3—4葉期灌頭水,5葉后期至拔節(jié)前后灌二水,孕穗—抽穗期灌三水,灌漿初期灌四水。
 
  (四)控草防病。種子精選后選用種衣劑拌種防治條紋病和網(wǎng)斑?。话喂?jié)期或發(fā)病初期噴施殺菌劑防治云紋病。根據(jù)田間雜草發(fā)生情況,選用合適除草劑防除野燕麥與闊葉雜草。進入蠟熟期后隨時拔除條紋病和黑穗病等種傳、土傳病害病株,種子田更要及時去雜,既保證糧食品質(zhì)也防止病害、草籽傳播與再繁殖。
 
  草原溝坡雨養(yǎng)旱地產(chǎn)區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)包括藏東和藏南介于河谷和草原之間的坡溝旱地,四川甘孜和阿壩、青海海北、甘肅甘南、云南迪慶農(nóng)牧交錯區(qū)和青海海東市、甘肅天??h高位山旱地等雨養(yǎng)旱作區(qū)。
 
  (一)選用良種。根據(jù)各地生態(tài)條件和生產(chǎn)水平科學(xué)選種,避免未經(jīng)試驗的跨區(qū)引種。西藏高寒旱地選用高稈抗倒、抗病、中早熟豐產(chǎn)品種;青海海北、甘肅甘南產(chǎn)區(qū)選用早熟、抗倒、抗病豐產(chǎn)品種;四川甘孜和阿壩、云南迪慶產(chǎn)區(qū)中熟、抗倒、抗病豐產(chǎn)品種。鼓勵推行“青稞—油菜”兩年輪作制,擴大青稞和油菜輪作種植比重。
 
  (二)科學(xué)施肥。按照“重基少追”原則,除畝施普通農(nóng)家肥800公斤或純羊糞600公斤外,每畝加施青稞專用肥25公斤以上或施磷酸二銨10—15公斤、尿素5公斤左右,隨深耕與農(nóng)家肥一次性施入,苗期有條件的可追施尿素2—3公斤。青海省和甘南州等實施“雙減增效”行動的地塊,屬于本產(chǎn)區(qū)的可畝施符合NY/T 525的商品有機肥300—350公斤部分替代化肥,同時施入二銨10公斤、尿素5公斤。
 
  (三)深耕機播。10厘米地溫穩(wěn)定通過0℃即可播種,一般4月上旬播種。按照預(yù)定播期,播前用拖拉機深耕一次,反復(fù)耙耱壓實。盡可能用播種機播種,避免散播與畜力條播造成出苗率低。按畝基本苗20萬—24萬株,畝播種量18—20公斤。適期內(nèi)采用機械播種,播種深度3—5厘米,確保全苗。
 
  (四)控草防病。參考河谷盆地臺地產(chǎn)區(qū)。
 
  高寒偏草甸農(nóng)牧過渡帶
 
  糧草兼收產(chǎn)區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)包括藏區(qū)各大牧區(qū)邊緣向農(nóng)區(qū)的過渡地帶,如西藏(藏北、藏西及山南浪卡子等縣)產(chǎn)區(qū)海拔4200—4500米地區(qū),玉樹、果洛和瑪曲、若爾蓋、色達、理塘等州、縣海拔3400—4000米地區(qū)。
 
  該區(qū)地勢高、臨草甸、雨雪多,土壤水分較充裕,但氣溫低、無霜期短,低溫類災(zāi)害頻繁。宜選用中早熟、抗倒伏、豐產(chǎn)品種;玉樹州玉樹市、囊謙縣等黑青稞種植區(qū)推廣黑色青稞品種或早熟豐產(chǎn)品種。合理施用有機肥和磷、氮肥。其他參考河谷盆地臺地產(chǎn)區(qū)。
 
  偏低海拔偏濕溫農(nóng)林交錯帶
 
  秋播產(chǎn)區(qū)
 
  本區(qū)主要包括藏東南(林芝市與昌南三縣)和迪慶、甘孜(康定、雅江、巴塘、鄉(xiāng)城、稻城、得榮等)、阿壩(馬爾康、小金、金川等)、甘南(舟曲、迭部)等橫斷山脈區(qū)域峽谷農(nóng)林交錯帶。
 
  本區(qū)總面積不大、地理分布散,水熱條件相對較好??蛇m當擴大冬青稞種植。選用中早熟、抗倒伏、豐產(chǎn)品種,合理施用有機肥和磷、氮肥。按照畝基本苗18萬—20萬株適期播種,一般畝播種量15公斤,9月下旬至10月上旬播種,不宜晚于10月中旬。
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