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小麥高性能復式播種機促進單產提升情況調研

2023-08-31 15:28:19 來源：農業(yè)機械化管理司 閱讀量：15706 評論

導讀：山東省農業(yè)農村廳黨組成員、副廳長馬常春同志牽頭，組織開展了小麥高性能復式播種機促進單產提升情況調研，形成了調研報告?，F予刊登，供各地交流參考。

　　農業(yè)機械化情況2023年第32期
 
　　編者按：今年我部明確提出提高糧油作物單產的工作要求，全國農業(yè)機械化工作會議對大力支撐糧油作物單產提升工作作出了安排部署。山東省農業(yè)農村廳黨組成員、副廳長馬常春同志牽頭，組織開展了小麥高性能復式播種機促進單產提升情況調研，形成了調研報告?，F予刊登，供各地交流參考。
 
　　各地都要圍繞大面積提升單產這一重要任務，因地制宜，綜合施策，加快高性能播種機等助力單產提升的機具部署，同時加強機械化作業(yè)技術指導，把機械化增產潛力轉化為實打實的糧食產量增加。
 
　　小麥高性能復式播種機促進單產提升情況調研
 
　　山東省農業(yè)農村廳黨組成員、副廳長  馬常春
 
　　小麥作為山東省第一大糧食作物，2022年播種面積6005.3萬畝，占全國小麥播種總面積(35277.75萬畝)的17.0%，總產528.2億斤，占全國總產量(2754.46億斤)的19.2%，在保障國家糧食和重要農產品穩(wěn)定安全供給中具有重要地位。為深入貫徹黨中央、國務院關于實施新一輪千億斤糧食產能提升行動的決策部署，全面落實農業(yè)農村部關于全國糧油等主要作物大面積單產提升行動的要求，山東省圍繞提升小麥機械化播種質量，挖掘農業(yè)機械化增產潛力，助力大面積提高單產，進行了專門調查研究。
 
　　一、小麥播種機械化發(fā)展現狀
 
　　（一）機播率高水平穩(wěn)定。隨著農業(yè)生產機械化和農機裝備產業(yè)的轉型升級，受益于農機購置與應用補貼政策等強農惠農政策的穩(wěn)定實施，山東省小麥生產基本實現了從種到收全程機械化，機播率多年一直穩(wěn)定在99%以上。在小麥播種機械生產制造方面，全省擁有雷沃重工、山東奧龍、山東大華等一批在全國乃至國際具有一定影響力的企業(yè)，播種機械研發(fā)創(chuàng)新能力位居前列，為山東省小麥播種機械化發(fā)展提供了堅實有力的裝備支撐。
 
　　（二）播種模式多種多樣。受地理位置、小麥品種、氣候條件、種植習慣等因素影響，山東省小麥播種形成了不同模式，較為典型的有以下三類：一是犁后旋耕再播種，耕深25cm左右，有利于增加耕層厚度，疏松土壤，減少土壤板結，改善土壤通透性，提高土壤的保水保肥能力和播種質量；二是旋耕后播種，一般旋耕兩遍，耕深15cm左右，旋耕速度快，有利于抓住墑情，細碎表層土壤，降低生產成本，抓住最佳播種期；三是深松免耕播種，深松后馬上進行免耕播種作業(yè)，有利于避免土壤水分快速散失，實現保水保墑保苗?？傮w上，小麥播種行距15—18cm、播種深度3—5cm，雖然相差不大，但播種方式均屬于土壤整后播種，機械多次進地碾壓、表土整理后，導致墑情不一致、出苗不齊，甚至缺苗斷壟。
 
　　（三）播種機械千差萬別。目前，納入山東省農機購置與應用補貼范圍的小麥播種機有299個型號。就行數而言，從6行到36行不等，就播種機構來看，開溝器型式有圓盤式、箭鏟式、犁鏟式等，排種器型式有螺線細槽外槽輪式、螺旋窩眼外槽輪式等，鎮(zhèn)壓機構有對行鎮(zhèn)壓和播幅全面鎮(zhèn)壓，個別機型有簡易仿形和限深機構?？傮w上看，小麥播種機多數缺少仿形機構，播深一致性較差，出苗整齊度不好，不能完成一次性作業(yè)，播前缺少整平鎮(zhèn)壓，播后鎮(zhèn)壓不到位，土層墑情不一。從近三年來山東省補貼情況看，補貼各類小麥播種機1.13萬臺，其中12—18行的小麥條播機成為主流，占到了66%，其次是7—11行，占18%。
 
　　二、小麥高性能復式播種與傳統(tǒng)條播對比試驗情況
 
　　高性能復式播種，是在播量均勻、穩(wěn)定的前提下，實現高于8km/h的高性能作業(yè)，并一次性完成犁耕后碎土、松土、平整，播前鎮(zhèn)壓、均量條播、播后鎮(zhèn)壓等生產環(huán)節(jié)，通過北斗精準作業(yè)監(jiān)控終端，實現漏播、堵塞報警，播量、播速、面積實時監(jiān)測，可有效提高播種質量，促進單產提升。2022年10月至2023年6月，我們在齊河縣、安丘市等地選擇三款機型開展了小麥高性能復式條播機與傳統(tǒng)條播機對比試驗。
 
　　（一）機具選型。選用2款小麥高性能復式條播機和1款傳統(tǒng)小麥條播機進行對比試驗。小麥高性能復式條播機選用濰柴雷沃、雷肯(進口)兩種機型，結構基本相同，可實現整地播種一體、播前播后兩次鎮(zhèn)壓，具備播種單體獨立開溝仿形，工作幅寬3m。傳統(tǒng)小麥條播機選用目前市場上使用較多的一款機型，播后鎮(zhèn)壓，不具備播前鎮(zhèn)壓和單體開溝仿形結構，工作幅寬1.3m。
 
　　（二）試驗條件。選擇山東省西部、中部小麥主產區(qū)，具備土地連片種植、集中統(tǒng)一管理的地塊，使用同一小麥種子、同一配套動力、同一駕駛員，采用32斤/畝相同播種量進行對比。
 
　　（三）作業(yè)情況對比。在作業(yè)效率上，采用濰柴雷沃與雷肯小麥高性能復式條播機，可以實現8km/h的標準速度作業(yè)，作業(yè)效率達到36畝/h，而傳統(tǒng)機具最高作業(yè)速度6km/h，作業(yè)效率11.5畝/h。在加種時間上，小麥高性能復式條播機的加種間隔為53min，傳統(tǒng)播種機的加種間隔時間為16min。通過對比發(fā)現，小麥高性能復式條播機單次作業(yè)時間更長，速度更快，效率更高。在性能方面，國產和進口高性能復式條播機基本相同。
 
　　（四）小麥長勢對比。播種完成后，通過對小麥出苗、分蘗、拔節(jié)、灌漿、收獲等部分重要時期的長勢進行對比，結果如下。
 
　　1.出苗期。采用高性能復式條播機播種的小麥，出苗整齊均勻，苗齊苗旺；而傳統(tǒng)播種機的出苗則出現了出苗高低不一和缺苗斷壟問題。
 
　　2.分蘗期。出苗差異顯著。采用高性能復式條播機播種的小麥，除苗情長勢更加均勻以外，分蘗數量顯著增加；而傳統(tǒng)條播機播種的小麥，因出苗時間不一，出苗較晚的小麥尚未分蘗生長。
 
　　3.拔節(jié)期。采用高性能復式條播機播種的小麥株長已到達31—32cm，長勢較為一致，且生長進度統(tǒng)一；而傳統(tǒng)條播機播種的小麥，株長僅為23—25cm，生長較為緩慢，生長進度不一。
 
　　4.灌漿期。采用高性能復式條播機播種的小麥株長已到達80cm，而普通條播機播種的小麥，株長僅為65cm左右。
 
　　5.收獲期。采用高性能復式條播機相比于普通條播機播種的小麥，更齊整，長勢均勻。
 
　　通過以上生長過程的跟蹤對比，發(fā)現高性能復式條播機播種的小麥，出苗更齊整，苗株更粗壯，長勢更旺盛，在不同生產周期中，均有比普通條播機的過程優(yōu)勢，在促進作物生長、保持苗強苗旺、生長期一致方面效果明顯。
 
　　（五）投入產出對比。從小麥單產上看，采用高性能復式條播機播種的小麥，畝產量分別達到636kg、756kg，較傳統(tǒng)條播機分別提高9.65%、12.6%；從進地次數上看，采用傳統(tǒng)播種農藝的，需要“深翻(犁耕)+旋耕或耙地(2輪)+播種鎮(zhèn)壓”4輪作業(yè)，經濟性差，多次進地造成土壤深層壓實，在一定程度上影響糧食增產增收。采用高性能復式條播，通過“深翻(犁耕)+耙壓復式條播”2輪作業(yè)完成播種，明顯節(jié)約了成本；從節(jié)本增效上看，使用常規(guī)條播作業(yè)，若要達到與高性能復式條播作業(yè)相似的產量，則需要加大種子用量5—8kg/畝，而高性能復式條播機具有10%—15%種子用量的節(jié)本效果，且作業(yè)效率提高30%以上，節(jié)本增收達到100—200元/畝，效果顯著。
 
　　三、發(fā)展小麥高性能復式播種機的必要性和存在的主要問題
 
　　“七分種，三分管”，播種基礎最關鍵。小麥播種機的作業(yè)性能直接影響小麥的播種質量。從調研情況看，發(fā)展小麥高性能復式播種機十分必要。
 
　　（一）農業(yè)經營方式的需求。隨著土地集約化、規(guī)?；M程的加快發(fā)展和農村勞動力的轉移，農業(yè)生產經營方式逐步由一家一戶的家庭式生產向以合作社、家庭農場、種植大戶等為主的規(guī)?；洜I轉變，對農業(yè)機械的要求也越來越高，傳統(tǒng)小型、單一作業(yè)的播種機已經不能滿足現代農業(yè)生產方式的高質量要求。高性能、復式條播機作業(yè)效率提高30%以上，節(jié)本增收達到100—200元/畝，效果顯著，逐步成為廣大農業(yè)生產經營組織的首選。
 
　　（二）促進糧食單產提升的需求。2023年中央一號文件明確提出了“主攻單產、力爭多增產”的要求，農機裝備是現代農業(yè)技術集成和各項生產資料得以有效利用的重要載體，除了在種子等方面發(fā)力外，提高小麥播種質量，是促進小麥單產提升最直接、有效的方法。小麥高性能復式播種機較傳統(tǒng)作業(yè)可提高糧食產量10%—13%，每畝按照1000斤計算，就可提高糧食產量100斤，社會效益巨大。
 
　　（三）減少小麥播種損失的需求。目前，“有錢買種，沒錢買苗”的思想已經根植于廣大農戶思想中，廣大農戶為了提高出苗數量，不斷加大播種量，造成了大量糧食浪費。發(fā)展高性能小麥播種機，可實現精量播種、損失預警，有效減少播種量。山東省小麥種植面積6000多萬畝，如果畝均節(jié)約10斤種子，就可節(jié)約6億斤糧食。
 
　　（四）改進小麥播種模式的需求。玉米秸稈還田后，通過深耕深翻，秸稈被覆蓋在地下，如果鎮(zhèn)壓不到位，極容易形成“面包層”。小麥播種時，容易造成播種不實，或者直接播種在秸稈上，降低出苗率，形成缺苗斷壟。另外，覆蓋在地下的秸稈還起到了保溫的效果，給蟲卵、病菌提供了越冬和繁殖的場所，等到第二年春季溫度回升后，病蟲害危害增加。需要改變傳統(tǒng)的播種模式，大力推行播前、播后雙鎮(zhèn)壓，減少“面包層”。
 
　　當前，制約小麥高性能復式播種機推廣應用的主要問題，一是高性能播種機購置使用成本較高。一臺20行的普通小麥條播機約1萬元，而高性能播種機價格普遍較高，個別型號售價超過10萬元，而小麥種植收益相對較低，農民購置、使用積極性不夠。二是常規(guī)播種機保有量過大。山東省小麥播種機90%以上都為傳統(tǒng)播種機，多數還在使用期限內，短期內更新換代難度較大。三是高性能播種機具試驗鑒定能力有待提升。目前，播種機鑒定大綱已將高性能小麥播種機納入了鑒定范圍，但各省鑒定能力發(fā)展還不均衡，較好滿足產品鑒定需求，需要進一步提升。四是高性能播種機研發(fā)制造水平有待提升。山東省雖然小麥播種機械產業(yè)基礎較好，但大眾產品趨同化明顯，原創(chuàng)性科技成果少，與歐美等發(fā)達國家相比，差距還比較大，一些關鍵零部件仍需要進口，開溝器硬度等一些“卡脖子”問題亟待突破。
 
　　四、幾點建議
 
　　（一）強化政策扶持。推動在農機購置與應用補貼政策框架內，按照現行最高35%的補貼標準，對小麥高性能復式播種機實行“優(yōu)機優(yōu)補”，減輕購置壓力，大力引導新型經營主體購置小麥高性能復式播種機。爭取財政部門支持，開展小麥高性能復式播種作業(yè)補貼，推廣普及小麥高性能復式播種模式。同時，推動將播種機械納入農機報廢更新補貼范圍，對達到使用年限或機具性能差的老舊播種機械淘汰更新給予補貼，引導小麥播種機械加快更新和轉型升級。
 
　　（二）加強試驗鑒定。加強鑒定能力建設，對小麥高性能復式播種機等生產亟需產品，依法依規(guī)開辟綠色通道，優(yōu)先安排試驗鑒定。強化部省之間、省際之間農機鑒定機構協(xié)調配合，積極開展合作互助，加快拓展提升農機鑒定服務能力。加強農機鑒定機構與社會檢驗檢測機構之間的協(xié)同配合，多方面擴展鑒定資源，提升供給服務水平。
 
　　（三）加強技術科技攻關。聚焦小麥高性能復式播種機相對薄弱的領域，增強國產自主創(chuàng)新能力，加強基礎前沿、關鍵共性技術研究，協(xié)同攻克基礎材料、工藝等“卡脖子”問題。以市場為導向，以企業(yè)為主體，以科研單位為依托，構建分工協(xié)作科技創(chuàng)新組織模式，促進成果轉化，加快補上小麥高性能復式播種機發(fā)展短板。

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