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大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指引
2023-03-29
15:16:40
來(lái)源:農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化總站 閱讀量:15005
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導(dǎo)讀:采取“封閉為主、封定結(jié)合”的雜草防除策略,即播后苗前土壤封閉處理和苗后定向莖葉噴藥相結(jié)合,以苗前封閉除草為主,減輕苗后除草壓力。
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農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】針對(duì)黃淮海、西北、西南和長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)4+2和3+2種植模式,制定大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)指引,以復(fù)合
種植機(jī)械化播種、植保、收獲為重點(diǎn)作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),提出復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化基本原則、技術(shù)路線、技術(shù)要點(diǎn)、機(jī)具配套等,形成一套比較完備的機(jī)械化工藝流程和裝備體系,加快推進(jìn)復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化。
一、基本原則
一是堅(jiān)持因地制宜,優(yōu)選高產(chǎn)模式。根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)卮蠖褂衩追N植農(nóng)藝、耕地條件以及機(jī)具配備綜合選擇種植模式,優(yōu)先選擇4+2、3+2等利于穩(wěn)產(chǎn)增產(chǎn)的種植模式,根據(jù)農(nóng)藝要求確定適宜的株距、行距、帶間距、播種深度、施肥量等作業(yè)參數(shù)。
二是堅(jiān)持統(tǒng)籌兼顧,做好生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃。播種作業(yè)前,應(yīng)考慮大豆、玉米生育期,確定播種、收獲作業(yè)先后順序,做好生產(chǎn)布局和作業(yè)路徑規(guī)劃,合理確定地頭作物,方便機(jī)具轉(zhuǎn)彎調(diào)頭。
三是堅(jiān)持造改結(jié)合,優(yōu)化機(jī)具配套。應(yīng)依據(jù)生產(chǎn)條件和種植模式選擇適用機(jī)具裝備。按照“以機(jī)適藝”原則,播種環(huán)節(jié)優(yōu)先選用復(fù)合種植專(zhuān)用
播種機(jī),提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量;收獲環(huán)節(jié)兼用現(xiàn)有
谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)調(diào)整改造,實(shí)現(xiàn)“一機(jī)多用”,但應(yīng)確保改造到位,滿足復(fù)合種植作業(yè)質(zhì)量要求。
四是堅(jiān)持規(guī)范生產(chǎn),提高作業(yè)精度。在播種、植保、收獲等關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)宜配置北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng),提高作業(yè)精準(zhǔn)度和前后環(huán)節(jié)作業(yè)匹配度,實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)播種、分帶植保、對(duì)行收獲,并減輕機(jī)手勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。
二、技術(shù)路線
大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)通過(guò)機(jī)械化精量播種、苗期綜合管理、減損收獲等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)配套,降低勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度,提高作業(yè)效率,實(shí)現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)高效。技術(shù)路線如下:
圖1 大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植全程機(jī)械化技術(shù)路線圖
三、采用北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用要求
(一)系統(tǒng)選擇
根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄎ换?、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號(hào)、地塊坡度、擴(kuò)展性等因素,優(yōu)先選擇具有作業(yè)線共享功能的北斗導(dǎo)航輔助駕駛系統(tǒng),保證前后生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)、工序的銜接精度;優(yōu)先選擇支持移動(dòng)、聯(lián)通和電信“三網(wǎng)合一”的網(wǎng)絡(luò)差分方式,在網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號(hào)無(wú)法覆蓋的區(qū)域,可選用星基增強(qiáng)差分方式或者增配移動(dòng)電臺(tái)基站。在地面坡度較大時(shí),優(yōu)先選擇雙天線定位等具備姿態(tài)和地形補(bǔ)償功能的輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)??筛鶕?jù)實(shí)際需要,選擇配置了輔助駕駛系統(tǒng)的精量播種、變量施肥、精準(zhǔn)噴霧等功能的機(jī)具裝備。
(二)安裝與調(diào)試
應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照使用說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行安裝。安裝時(shí),如拖拉機(jī)無(wú)駕駛室,應(yīng)采取防護(hù)措施,避免車(chē)載顯控終端暴曬或淋雨。安裝完成后,應(yīng)按照使用說(shuō)明書(shū)設(shè)置參數(shù),并選擇合適地塊進(jìn)行作業(yè)調(diào)試,確保機(jī)組直線作業(yè)和銜接行精度符合作業(yè)要求。
(三)規(guī)范作業(yè)
1.檢驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)。系統(tǒng)開(kāi)機(jī)后,應(yīng)按照使用說(shuō)明書(shū)檢查、確認(rèn)系統(tǒng)各部件狀態(tài),如出現(xiàn)故障提示,應(yīng)首先進(jìn)行故障排除。
2.確認(rèn)差分定位。查看車(chē)載顯控終端,確認(rèn)系統(tǒng)處于定位差分狀態(tài)。如未處于差分定位狀態(tài),可檢查網(wǎng)絡(luò)信號(hào),選擇合適的網(wǎng)絡(luò)基站或電臺(tái)基站。
3.設(shè)置作業(yè)參數(shù)。根據(jù)實(shí)際情況,設(shè)置作業(yè)幅寬。應(yīng)確保播種機(jī)掛接在中間位置,如出現(xiàn)少量偏移,可設(shè)置機(jī)具偏移參數(shù)進(jìn)行校正。
4.設(shè)置導(dǎo)航線。機(jī)組行駛至地頭,車(chē)頭朝向作業(yè)的方向,設(shè)置A點(diǎn);手動(dòng)駕駛機(jī)組行駛至地尾,設(shè)置B點(diǎn),完成AB直線的設(shè)置。如重復(fù)或繼續(xù)同一地塊作業(yè),可以直接導(dǎo)入AB線。在植保、收獲作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),可直接使用共享導(dǎo)航線功能,導(dǎo)入前一個(gè)作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的導(dǎo)航線。
5.檢查作業(yè)精度。啟動(dòng)輔助駕駛功能,往復(fù)作業(yè)2—3次,停車(chē)查驗(yàn)作業(yè)精度是否符合作業(yè)要求,如誤差較大,應(yīng)按照使用說(shuō)明進(jìn)行調(diào)試,作業(yè)精度符合要求后,方可進(jìn)行大面積作業(yè)。
6.安全規(guī)范作業(yè)。輔助駕駛作業(yè)過(guò)程中,應(yīng)隨時(shí)注意觀察車(chē)載顯控終端提示信息,出現(xiàn)作業(yè)精度不符合要求或故障提示,應(yīng)及時(shí)解除輔助駕駛功能、停車(chē)檢查排除問(wèn)題或故障。
四、機(jī)械化播種
(一)品種選擇
根據(jù)資源稟賦、種植制度、水肥條件等因素,選擇適宜的品種搭配,大豆應(yīng)選用耐蔭、耐密、抗倒、底莢高度在10厘米以上的品種,玉米應(yīng)選用株型緊湊、適宜密植和機(jī)械化收獲的高產(chǎn)品種。多熟制地區(qū)應(yīng)注意與前后茬的合理搭配,實(shí)現(xiàn)周年均衡優(yōu)質(zhì)高產(chǎn)。
(二)種床準(zhǔn)備
可根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)卮蠖?、玉米常?guī)種植方式的整地措施進(jìn)行種床準(zhǔn)備。一年多熟地區(qū),前茬作物留茬高度≤10厘米,秸稈粉碎長(zhǎng)度≤10厘米,大豆播種帶應(yīng)進(jìn)行滅茬,或選用帶滅茬功能的播種機(jī)進(jìn)行滅茬播種。黃淮海地區(qū)小麥?zhǔn)斋@后若墑情適宜,應(yīng)立即搶墑播種,若墑情較差,應(yīng)先造墑再播種。
(三)適期播種
具體播種時(shí)間根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件、前茬作物收獲時(shí)間確定。西南地區(qū)先播玉米,適播期為3月下旬—4月上旬;后播大豆,適播期為6月上中旬。黃淮海地區(qū)玉米大豆可同時(shí)播種,適播期為6月15—25日。西北地區(qū)玉米大豆可于5月上旬同期播種。
(四)機(jī)具選擇
根據(jù)所選種植模式、機(jī)具情況確定相匹配的播種機(jī)組,行距、間距、株距、播種深度、施肥量等應(yīng)調(diào)整到位,滿足當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)藝要求。如大豆、玉米同期播種,優(yōu)先選用與一個(gè)生產(chǎn)單元相匹配的大豆玉米帶狀復(fù)合種植專(zhuān)用播種機(jī);如大豆、玉米錯(cuò)期播種,可選用單一大豆播種機(jī)和玉米播種機(jī)分步作業(yè)。黃淮海地區(qū)前茬秸稈覆蓋地表,宜選用大豆帶滅茬淺旋播種機(jī),減少晾種和擁堵現(xiàn)象;西北地區(qū),根據(jù)灌溉條件和鋪膜要求,宜選用具有鋪管覆膜功能的播種機(jī);長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū),根據(jù)土壤情況,宜選用具有開(kāi)溝起壟功能的播種機(jī);西南地區(qū),應(yīng)選用具有密植分控和施肥功能的播種機(jī)。
(五)規(guī)范作業(yè)
大面積作業(yè)前,應(yīng)進(jìn)行試播,查驗(yàn)播種作業(yè)質(zhì)量、調(diào)整機(jī)具參數(shù),播種深度和鎮(zhèn)壓強(qiáng)度應(yīng)根據(jù)土壤墑情變化適時(shí)調(diào)整。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)注意適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度,提高小穴距條件下播種作業(yè)質(zhì)量,一般勺輪式排種器作業(yè)速度為3—4公里/小時(shí),指夾式為5—6 公里/小時(shí),氣力式為6—8公里/小時(shí),同時(shí)注意保持銜接行距均勻一致。
(六)技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
1. 黃淮海地區(qū)。大豆播種平均種植密度為8000—10000株/畝。玉米播種調(diào)整行距接近40厘米,調(diào)整株距至10—12厘米,平均種植密度為4500—5000株/畝,并增大玉米單位面積施肥量,確保玉米單株施肥量與凈作相當(dāng)。
2. 西北地區(qū)。該地區(qū)覆膜打孔播種機(jī)應(yīng)用廣泛,應(yīng)注意適當(dāng)降低作業(yè)速度,防止地膜撕扯,保證兩種作物種子均能準(zhǔn)確入穴。大豆可采用一穴2—3粒的播種方式,平均種植密度為11000—12000株/畝。玉米調(diào)整行距接近40厘米,通過(guò)改變鴨嘴數(shù)量將株距調(diào)整至10—12厘米左右,平均種植密度為4500—5000株/畝,并增大玉米單位面積施肥量,確保玉米單株施肥量與凈作相當(dāng)。
3. 西南和長(zhǎng)江中下游地區(qū)。該區(qū)域大豆玉米間套作應(yīng)用面積較大。大豆播種可在2行玉米播種機(jī)上增加1—2個(gè)播種單體,株距調(diào)整至9—10厘米,平均種植密度為9000—10000株/畝。玉米播種調(diào)整行距接近40厘米,株距調(diào)整至12—15厘米,平均種植密度為4000—4500株/畝,并增大玉米單位面積施肥量,確保玉米單株施肥量與凈作相當(dāng)。
五、機(jī)械化田間管理
(一)機(jī)械化除(控)草
采取“封閉為主、封定結(jié)合”的雜草防除策略,即播后苗前土壤封閉處理和苗后定向莖葉噴藥相結(jié)合,以苗前封閉除草為主,減輕苗后除草壓力。
1. 封閉除草技術(shù)要點(diǎn)。播后苗前(播后2天內(nèi))根據(jù)不同地塊雜草類(lèi)型選擇適宜的除草劑,使用噴桿噴霧機(jī)進(jìn)行土壤封閉噴霧,噴灑均勻,在地表形成藥膜。
2. 苗期除草技術(shù)要點(diǎn)。大豆和玉米分別為雙子葉作物和單子葉作物,苗期除草應(yīng)做好物理隔離,避免產(chǎn)生藥害。優(yōu)先選用自走式雙系統(tǒng)分帶噴桿噴霧機(jī)等專(zhuān)用植保機(jī)械,其次選用經(jīng)調(diào)整改造的自走式雙系統(tǒng)分帶噴桿噴霧機(jī),實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米、大豆分帶同步植保作業(yè);也可選用加裝隔板(隔簾、防護(hù)罩)的普通自走式噴桿噴霧機(jī),實(shí)現(xiàn)大豆、玉米分帶分步植保作業(yè)。苗后玉米3—5葉期、大豆2—3片三出復(fù)葉期,根據(jù)雜草情況對(duì)大豆玉米分帶定向噴施除草劑。應(yīng)選擇無(wú)風(fēng)天氣,并壓低噴頭,防止除草劑飄移到鄰近行的大豆帶或玉米帶。
(二)病蟲(chóng)防治
播種前應(yīng)對(duì)大豆玉米種子進(jìn)行拌種或包衣處理,防治地下害蟲(chóng)和土傳病害。大豆玉米全生育期,根據(jù)病蟲(chóng)預(yù)測(cè)或發(fā)生情況,選用相應(yīng)藥劑,可采用物理、生物與化學(xué)防治相結(jié)合的方法,優(yōu)先選用雙系統(tǒng)分條帶噴桿噴霧機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)精準(zhǔn)對(duì)行、對(duì)靶噴霧作業(yè),減少浪費(fèi)和污染。
(三)化學(xué)控旺
大豆在5片復(fù)葉與初花期,玉米在7—10片展開(kāi)葉,根據(jù)株高情況,采用自走式雙系統(tǒng)分帶噴桿噴霧機(jī)分別對(duì)大豆玉米定向噴施生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)劑,控制株高,增強(qiáng)抗倒能力。
(四)水肥管理
大豆玉米生長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)根據(jù)田間土壤水分和生長(zhǎng)情況加強(qiáng)水肥管理,有條件的地方可采用水肥一體化滴灌方式精準(zhǔn)灌溉施肥,確保密植玉米生長(zhǎng)后期有足夠的水肥營(yíng)養(yǎng)。遇澇應(yīng)及時(shí)排水,排澇后應(yīng)及時(shí)在大豆帶和玉米帶之間采用施肥機(jī)追肥。
六、機(jī)械化收獲
(一)確定適宜收獲期
1. 大豆適宜收獲期。一般在黃熟期后至完熟期之間,此時(shí)大豆葉片脫落80%以上,豆莢和籽粒均呈現(xiàn)出原有品種的色澤,籽粒含水率下降到15—25%,莖稈含水率為45—55%,豆粒歸圓,植株變成黃褐色,莖和莢變成黃色,用手搖動(dòng)植株會(huì)發(fā)出清脆響聲。大豆收獲作業(yè)應(yīng)該選擇早、晚露水消退時(shí)間段進(jìn)行,避免產(chǎn)生“泥花臉”;應(yīng)避開(kāi)中午高溫時(shí)段,減少收獲炸莢損失。
2. 玉米適宜收獲期。一般在完熟期,此時(shí)玉米植株的中、下部葉片變黃,基部葉片干枯,果穗變黃,苞葉干枯呈黃白色而松散,籽粒脫水變硬乳線消失,微干縮凹陷,籽?;?胚下端)出現(xiàn)黑帽層,并呈現(xiàn)出品種固有的色澤。采用果穗收獲,玉米籽粒含水率一般為25%—35%;采用籽粒直收方式,玉米籽粒含水率一般為15%—25%。
(二)確定收獲方式及適宜機(jī)型
1. 先收大豆后收玉米方式。該方式適用于大豆先熟玉米晚熟地區(qū),主要包括黃淮海、西北等地區(qū)。作業(yè)時(shí),先選用適宜的窄幅寬大豆收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行大豆收獲作業(yè),再選用2行玉米收獲機(jī)或常規(guī)玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行玉米收獲作業(yè)。大豆收獲機(jī)機(jī)型應(yīng)根據(jù)大豆帶寬和相鄰兩玉米帶之間的帶寬選擇,輪式和履帶式均可,應(yīng)做到不漏收大豆、不碾壓或夾帶玉米植株。一般情況,4+2種植模式應(yīng)選擇1.3米≤作業(yè)幅寬<2米、整機(jī)寬度<2.1米的大豆收獲機(jī),3+2種植模式應(yīng)選擇1米≤作業(yè)幅寬<1.7米、整機(jī)寬度<1.8米的大豆收獲機(jī)。窄幅寬大豆收獲機(jī)宜裝配浮式仿形割臺(tái),割臺(tái)離地高度小于5厘米,實(shí)現(xiàn)貼地收獲作業(yè)。玉米收獲時(shí),大豆已收獲完畢,玉米收獲機(jī)機(jī)型選擇范圍較大,可選用2行玉米收獲機(jī)對(duì)行收獲;也可選用當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)玉米收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè)。
2. 先收玉米后收大豆方式。該方式適用于玉米先熟大豆晚熟地區(qū),主要包括西南地區(qū)套作方式和長(zhǎng)江流域、華北地區(qū)。作業(yè)時(shí),先選用適宜的2行玉米收獲機(jī)進(jìn)行玉米收獲作業(yè),再進(jìn)行大豆收獲作業(yè)。玉米收獲機(jī)機(jī)型應(yīng)根據(jù)玉米帶的行數(shù)、行距和相鄰兩大豆帶之間的寬度選擇,輪式和履帶式均可,應(yīng)做到不碾壓或損傷大豆植株,以免造成炸莢、增加損失。4+2、3+2種植模式應(yīng)選擇輪胎(履帶)外側(cè)間距<1.5米、整機(jī)寬度<1.6米的2行玉米收獲機(jī);也可選用高地隙跨帶玉米收獲機(jī),先收兩帶4行玉米。大豆收獲時(shí),玉米已收獲完畢,機(jī)型選擇范圍較大,可選用幅寬與大豆帶寬相匹配的大豆收獲機(jī),幅寬應(yīng)大于大豆帶寬40厘米以上;也可選用當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)大豆收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè)。
3. 大豆玉米分步同時(shí)收獲方式。該方式適用于大豆玉米同期成熟地區(qū),主要包括西北、黃淮海等地區(qū)。作業(yè)時(shí),對(duì)大豆、玉米收獲順序沒(méi)有特殊要求,主要取決于地塊兩側(cè)種植的作物類(lèi)別,一般分別選用大豆收獲機(jī)和玉米收獲機(jī)前后布局,輪流收獲大豆和玉米,依次作業(yè)。因作業(yè)時(shí)一側(cè)作物已經(jīng)收獲,對(duì)機(jī)型外廓尺寸、輪距等要求降低,可根據(jù)大豆種植幅寬和玉米行數(shù)選用幅寬匹配的機(jī)型,也可選用常規(guī)收獲機(jī)減幅作業(yè)。
(三)減損收獲作業(yè)
1.科學(xué)規(guī)劃作業(yè)路線。對(duì)于大豆、玉米分期收獲地塊,如果地頭種植了先熟作物,應(yīng)先收地頭先熟作物,方便機(jī)具轉(zhuǎn)彎調(diào)頭,實(shí)現(xiàn)往復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)行收獲,減少空載行駛;如果地頭未種植先熟作物,作業(yè)時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)彎調(diào)頭應(yīng)盡量借用田間道路或已收獲完的周邊地塊。對(duì)于大豆、玉米同期收獲地塊,應(yīng)先收地頭作物,方便機(jī)具轉(zhuǎn)彎調(diào)頭,實(shí)現(xiàn)往復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)行收獲,減少空載行駛;然后再分別選用大豆收獲機(jī)和玉米收獲機(jī)依次作業(yè)。
2.合理確定作業(yè)速度。作業(yè)速度應(yīng)根據(jù)種植模式、收獲機(jī)匹配程度確定,禁止為追求作業(yè)效率而降低作業(yè)質(zhì)量。對(duì)于大豆先收方式,大豆收獲作業(yè)速度應(yīng)低于傳統(tǒng)凈作,一般控制在3—6公里/小時(shí),發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速保持在額定轉(zhuǎn)速,不能低轉(zhuǎn)速下作業(yè)。若播種和收獲環(huán)節(jié)均采用北斗導(dǎo)航或輔助駕駛系統(tǒng),收獲作業(yè)速度可提高至4—8公里/小時(shí)。玉米收獲時(shí),兩側(cè)大豆已收獲完,可按正常作業(yè)速度行駛。對(duì)于玉米先收方式,受兩側(cè)大豆植株以及玉米種植密度高的影響,玉米收獲作業(yè)速度應(yīng)低于傳統(tǒng)凈作,一般控制在3—5公里/小時(shí)。如采用行距大于55厘米的玉米收獲機(jī),或種植行距寬窄不一、地形起伏不定、早晚及雨后作物濕度大時(shí),應(yīng)降低作業(yè)速度,避免損失率增大。大豆收獲時(shí),兩側(cè)玉米已收獲完,可按正常作業(yè)速度行駛。
3.駕駛操作規(guī)范。大豆收獲時(shí),應(yīng)以不漏收豆莢為原則,控制好大豆收獲機(jī)割臺(tái)高度,盡量放低割臺(tái),將割茬降至4—8厘米,避免漏收低節(jié)位豆莢。作業(yè)時(shí),應(yīng)將大豆帶保持在割臺(tái)中間位置,并直線行駛,避免漏收或碾壓、夾帶玉米植株。應(yīng)及時(shí)停車(chē)觀察糧倉(cāng)中大豆清潔度和尾篩排出秸稈夾帶損失率,并適時(shí)調(diào)整風(fēng)機(jī)風(fēng)量。玉米收獲時(shí),應(yīng)嚴(yán)格對(duì)行收獲,保證割道與玉米帶平行,且收獲機(jī)輪胎(履帶)要在大豆帶和玉米帶間空隙的中間,避免碾壓兩側(cè)大豆。玉米先收時(shí),應(yīng)確保玉米秸稈不拋灑在大豆帶,提高大豆收獲機(jī)通過(guò)性和作業(yè)清潔度。
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