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長江流域棉區(qū)棉花抗旱促生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見

2022-08-15 17:07:28 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司 閱讀量：12638 評論

導(dǎo)讀：　7月下旬以來，長江流域棉區(qū)溫度高、降水少、持續(xù)時(shí)間長，部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)伏旱。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】7月下旬以來，長江流域棉區(qū)溫度高、降水少、持續(xù)時(shí)間長，部分地區(qū)出現(xiàn)伏旱。當(dāng)前正值棉花蕾鈴期，伏旱易導(dǎo)致蕾鈴大量脫落，影響棉花根系發(fā)育，造成后期棉株早衰。同時(shí)，根據(jù)天氣預(yù)測和“三年兩旱”的氣候特征，9—10月份易出現(xiàn)秋旱，影響棉鈴發(fā)育，導(dǎo)致鈴重減少，品質(zhì)下降。針對當(dāng)前長江流域棉區(qū)天氣特征和棉花生長情況，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心、農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組有關(guān)專家，研究制定長江流域棉花抗旱促生產(chǎn)技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見如下。
 
　　一、及時(shí)灌溉
 
　　要看天、看地、看苗靈活掌握灌溉時(shí)間，連續(xù)7天不下雨，棉株頂部3—4片葉中午出現(xiàn)萎蔫，葉片變厚，呈暗綠色，無光澤，至下午3—4點(diǎn)仍不能恢復(fù)正常狀態(tài)等均表現(xiàn)為棉株缺水，要及時(shí)灌溉。應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況和條件采取溝灌、噴灌和滴灌等灌溉方式，提高冠層空氣相對濕度，降低土壤和冠層溫度，改善田間小氣候。一般地塊灌溉量每畝每次50—60立方米，沙土保水力較差，可分2—3次灌溉，最好在早、晚進(jìn)行。
 
　　二、中耕培土
 
　　灌溉后尚未封行的棉田可進(jìn)行淺中耕培土。淺中耕可以切斷土壤毛細(xì)管，增大水的滲透量，減少土壤蒸發(fā)和水分損失，還可改善土壤通透性和肥水供應(yīng)狀況，促進(jìn)棉株根系發(fā)育。中耕培土還可清除雜草，促進(jìn)氣生根形成，增強(qiáng)棉花抗倒伏性。中耕后棉田雜草仍較多時(shí)，可噴施除草劑徹底清除田間雜草。
 
　　三、科學(xué)施肥
 
　　可結(jié)合防治蟲害，噴施尿素液、硫酸鉀、磷酸二氫鉀溶液等葉面肥2—3次。持續(xù)干旱易引發(fā)棉花缺硼，當(dāng)田間棉花葉柄環(huán)帶率較高、果枝發(fā)育不夠健壯、蕾鈴脫落率高于常年10個(gè)百分點(diǎn)以上時(shí)，顯示出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重缺硼，應(yīng)及時(shí)噴施速樂硼等高含量硼肥。
 
　　四、防治蟲害
 
　　高溫干旱會加速蟲害蔓延，特別是蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛、煙粉虱、斜紋夜蛾、盲蝽象、棉薊馬等多種害蟲易在高溫干旱情況下嚴(yán)重發(fā)生。及時(shí)防治蟲害是高溫干旱時(shí)節(jié)田間管理的重要環(huán)節(jié)。盲蝽象主要危害棉株頂芽、幼葉、花蕾和幼鈴，一般早晚活動，易遷飛，適宜防治時(shí)間為上午8點(diǎn)前和下午6點(diǎn)后，可選用甲氨基阿維菌素、馬拉硫磷等藥劑進(jìn)行噴霧。防治棉鈴蟲可采用辛硫磷、丙溴磷、滅多威等藥劑，藥劑可輪換使用。采用氟鈴脲等防治斜紋夜蛾，下午4點(diǎn)以后施用。設(shè)施蔬菜密集的地方易發(fā)生煙粉虱，可采用聯(lián)苯菊酯進(jìn)行無人機(jī)飛防。防治棉蚜可輪流使用烯啶蟲胺、氯噻啉、丁硫克百威等。選用阿維菌素等防治紅蜘蛛。選用啶蟲脒、丁硫克百威、吡蟲啉等防治棉薊馬。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部種植業(yè)管理司      全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部棉花專家指導(dǎo)組

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