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大豆中后期田間管理技術(shù)意見

2022-08-09 09:54:19 來源：農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部 閱讀量：17814 評論

導(dǎo)讀：當(dāng)前，大豆總體處于花莢鼓粒期，正是產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時期。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 熱點(diǎn)關(guān)注】當(dāng)前，大豆總體處于花莢鼓粒期，正是產(chǎn)量形成的關(guān)鍵時期，針對大豆生產(chǎn)中后期病蟲害防治及科學(xué)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)，農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部大豆專家指導(dǎo)組會同全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心研究提出大豆中后期田間管理技術(shù)意見。
 
　　一、追肥促弱
 
　　對生長表現(xiàn)脫肥或生育期延后的地塊，可通過噴施葉面肥，延長葉片功能期，增強(qiáng)抗病能力，提高粒重，將產(chǎn)量損失降到最低。如出現(xiàn)微量元素缺乏癥狀，可通過葉面噴施微肥補(bǔ)充鎂、錳、鉬、硼等微量元素。第一次在大豆初花期每畝用尿素0.25kg+磷酸二氫鉀0.2kg葉面噴施；第二次在大豆結(jié)莢期、第三次在大豆鼓粒期結(jié)合病蟲防治進(jìn)行，噴施磷酸二氫鉀0.2kg+米醋0.16kg+硼肥增莢促熟。
 
　　二、病蟲防治
 
　　根據(jù)病蟲害發(fā)生規(guī)律及時制訂防治方案，并遵循預(yù)防為主、防治為輔的原則。春大豆重點(diǎn)防控大豆食心蟲、雙斑螢葉甲、蚜蟲、紅蜘蛛等害蟲，以及根腐病、菌核病、霜霉病等病害。夏大豆重點(diǎn)防治點(diǎn)蜂蝝蝽、蚜蟲、煙粉虱、斜紋夜蛾等害蟲，特別是要加強(qiáng)對點(diǎn)蜂蝝蝽等刺吸性蟲害防控，預(yù)防“癥青”發(fā)生，建議花莢期采取大面積統(tǒng)防統(tǒng)治措施，每隔7—10天噴藥1次，連續(xù)噴施2—3次。同時，注重根腐病、擬莖點(diǎn)莖枯等病害的防控。在重大病蟲防治過程中，可與噴施葉面肥同時作業(yè)，實現(xiàn)“一噴多防”“一噴多促”“一噴多效”，實現(xiàn)防病、防蟲、減災(zāi)、提質(zhì)、增產(chǎn)的效果。
 
　　三、抗旱防澇
 
　　密切關(guān)注異常天氣情況，做好防災(zāi)減災(zāi)預(yù)案，積極應(yīng)對澇災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)等各種危害，切實減少災(zāi)害對大豆生產(chǎn)的影響。對降雨過多出現(xiàn)明水的地塊，及時組織人力和機(jī)械力量疏通田間溝渠、挖滲水溝，加快排水散墑。同時，及時增施速效肥、防治病蟲害，減小澇害對大豆產(chǎn)量的不利影響?；ㄇv期、鼓粒期若高溫、無雨天氣連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，則應(yīng)及時灌溉，每次每畝灌水量20立方米左右，盡量減少花莢脫落。
 
　　四、防雹減災(zāi)
 
　　密切關(guān)注雹災(zāi)氣象預(yù)報，重視參考群眾經(jīng)驗判斷發(fā)生雹災(zāi)的可能性，做好預(yù)防工作。如果發(fā)生雹災(zāi)，視嚴(yán)重程度采取救災(zāi)措施，若生長點(diǎn)沒有遭到破壞，可通過及時追施速效肥等方法促進(jìn)大豆恢復(fù)生長。而對雹災(zāi)較重、基本絕收的地區(qū)，應(yīng)采取改種其他作物等措施。
 
　　五、適時收獲
 
　　聯(lián)合收獲最佳時期為大豆完熟初期，此時大豆葉片全部脫落，植株呈現(xiàn)原有品種色澤，籽粒含水量降至18%以下。為提高收獲質(zhì)量，大豆聯(lián)合收獲機(jī)可配置擾性割臺，盡量降低撥禾輪轉(zhuǎn)速，調(diào)節(jié)脫粒滾筒與凹板篩之間的間隙、調(diào)整清選系統(tǒng)風(fēng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部大豆專家指導(dǎo)組
 
　　全國農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣服務(wù)中心

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