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安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳辦公室關(guān)于印發(fā)果園冬季管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見的通知

2021-12-02 10:44:58 來源：安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳 閱讀量：18941 評論

導(dǎo)讀：果園冬季管理工作直接關(guān)系到來年果樹穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、提質(zhì)和果農(nóng)收入。為有效加強(qiáng)果園管理，提升果實(shí)品質(zhì)和優(yōu)質(zhì)果率，促進(jìn)我省水果產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)質(zhì)高效發(fā)展，現(xiàn)將《果園冬季管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》印發(fā)給你們。

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 各市、縣(市、區(qū))農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村局：
 
　　果園冬季管理工作直接關(guān)系到來年果樹穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、提質(zhì)和果農(nóng)收入。為有效加強(qiáng)果園管理，提升果實(shí)品質(zhì)和優(yōu)質(zhì)果率，促進(jìn)我省水果產(chǎn)業(yè)優(yōu)質(zhì)高效發(fā)展，現(xiàn)將《果園冬季管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見》印發(fā)給你們。請各地結(jié)合本地水果生產(chǎn)實(shí)際情況，組織開展技術(shù)指導(dǎo)和培訓(xùn)，及時(shí)做好技術(shù)咨詢和服務(wù)工作，為來年水果產(chǎn)業(yè)安全生產(chǎn)打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　安徽省農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村廳辦公室
 
　　2021年11月30日
 
果園冬季管理技術(shù)指導(dǎo)意見
 
　　一、做好預(yù)防凍害工作。全省重點(diǎn)果區(qū)，應(yīng)密切關(guān)注天氣預(yù)報(bào)，根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)毓麡渖飳W(xué)特性、產(chǎn)區(qū)位置和天氣變化情況，積極采取有效措施，預(yù)防早凍、超低溫、雪災(zāi)和晚霜對枇杷等常綠果樹的危害。在極端低溫來臨前，可適當(dāng)選擇性采取以下措施預(yù)防或減低凍害的發(fā)生：一是灌水法。果園灌水可提高地溫，增加土壤熱容量。可采取行間微噴等途徑降低凍害的發(fā)生程度。二是遮蓋法。用塑料布、尼龍薄膜等覆蓋果樹，防止冷空氣的襲擊，減少地面熱量向外散失。
 
　　二、做好設(shè)施棚體管理工作。受“拉尼娜現(xiàn)象”影響，今年我省可能出現(xiàn)極端天氣，若局部地區(qū)連降大雪，設(shè)施草莓、設(shè)施葡萄、設(shè)施桃等，可適當(dāng)選擇性采取以下措施減災(zāi)避災(zāi)：一是加固修復(fù)棚體。對于雪壓負(fù)荷較重的設(shè)施棚體，應(yīng)及時(shí)增加立柱，穩(wěn)固大棚骨架，提高設(shè)施棚體受壓能力。二是去除棚頂積雪。在確保人身安全的前提下，及時(shí)清除棚頂和棚間積雪，減輕棚室負(fù)重；強(qiáng)降雪期間，必要時(shí)可采取局部破膜處理，防止積雪壓塌棚體。
 
　　三是加強(qiáng)保溫、降濕。對于草莓大棚，視氣溫下降程度加設(shè)“二膜”“三膜”、加保溫被、加保溫草簾等辦法覆蓋保溫。此外，可采取覆蓋地膜、適度通風(fēng)、以及地表增加吸潮物等措施降低棚內(nèi)濕度。
 
　　三、做好整形修剪工作。充分利用晴好天氣，有針對性地開展葡萄、桃、梨等落葉果樹冬季修剪工作。一是合理確定負(fù)載。冬季修剪要根據(jù)品種特性、樹齡、樹勢、田間管理水平、農(nóng)機(jī)農(nóng)藝配套等，合理確定當(dāng)年修剪量，適當(dāng)安排明年負(fù)載量。幼樹要依據(jù)品種特性和株行距，選擇適宜的樹形，注重主枝培養(yǎng)。成年樹要依據(jù)樹形，合理配置結(jié)果枝組。二是改善光照。適當(dāng)疏除細(xì)枝、弱枝、交叉枝、過密枝、徒長枝、病蟲枝，以及少部分背上枝和直立旺枝，重在打開行間和層間光照，改善果園通風(fēng)透光條件。
 
　　四、做好清潔果園工作。果樹冬季修剪完成后，要及時(shí)做好清園和園區(qū)整理工作。一是清理果園。清除果園內(nèi)枯枝、病蟲枝、落葉、雜草，并集中銷毀或深埋。成年以上的落葉梨樹等，可適當(dāng)采取刮除樹干老翹皮的方法，去除隱藏的病菌和蟲卵，減少越冬指數(shù)。二是全園殺菌。各地依據(jù)果樹品種特性，利用石硫合劑等進(jìn)行冬季樹干涂白，也可在早春時(shí)期有選擇地噴布石硫合劑等方法殺滅果園越冬病蟲。
 
　　五、做好冬季施肥工作。加強(qiáng)果園土肥水管理，合理早施、增施充分腐熟的有機(jī)基肥，有利于增強(qiáng)樹勢，提高樹體抗性。一是深翻凍垡。新建果園應(yīng)做好冬季田地深翻工作；老果園宜翻樹盤。提倡行間利用小型農(nóng)機(jī)具，結(jié)合施肥對果園進(jìn)行深翻凍垡。二是合理施肥。認(rèn)真貫徹有機(jī)肥替代化肥行動(dòng)，果園宜適量增施充分腐熟后的無害化有機(jī)基肥和餅肥，減少雞糞、豬糞和化肥用量。
 
　　六、做好清溝瀝水工作。各地要把握晴好天氣時(shí)機(jī)，做好果園行間溝、渠堵塞物的清理和疏通工作，確保果園內(nèi)給水和排水系統(tǒng)通暢，防止冬雨雪天氣果園發(fā)生漬害澇害現(xiàn)象。

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