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對加快發(fā)展丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化 提升安康綜合機械化水平的思考

2019-02-20 09:11:20 來源:安康市農(nóng)業(yè)機械管理局 江東 閱讀量:14207 評論

導(dǎo)讀:國務(wù)院發(fā)布了《關(guān)于加快推進農(nóng)業(yè)機械化和農(nóng)機裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的指導(dǎo)意見》的文件,要求以服務(wù)鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略,以農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合、機械化信息化融合、農(nóng)機服務(wù)模式與農(nóng)業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營相適應(yīng)、機械化生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)田建設(shè)相適應(yīng)為路徑,以科技創(chuàng)新、機制創(chuàng)新、政策創(chuàng)新為動力,補短板、強弱項、促協(xié)調(diào),推動農(nóng)機裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)向高質(zhì)量發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型,推動農(nóng)業(yè)機械化向全程全面高質(zhì)升級,為實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化提供有力支撐。

  【中國農(nóng)機網(wǎng) 熱點關(guān)注】國務(wù)院發(fā)布了《關(guān)于加快推進農(nóng)業(yè)機械化和農(nóng)機裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級的指導(dǎo)意見》的文件,要求以服務(wù)鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略,以農(nóng)機農(nóng)藝融合、機械化信息化融合、農(nóng)機服務(wù)模式與農(nóng)業(yè)適度規(guī)模經(jīng)營相適應(yīng)、機械化生產(chǎn)與農(nóng)田建設(shè)相適應(yīng)為路徑,以科技創(chuàng)新、機制創(chuàng)新、政策創(chuàng)新為動力,補短板、強弱項、促協(xié)調(diào),推動農(nóng)機裝備產(chǎn)業(yè)向高質(zhì)量發(fā)展轉(zhuǎn)型,推動農(nóng)業(yè)機械化向全程全面高質(zhì)升級,為實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村現(xiàn)代化提供有力支撐。
 
  在這樣的政策形勢下,丘陵山區(qū)的農(nóng)機化工作面臨著的發(fā)展機遇,同時機遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存,工作要求、任務(wù)時限和措施步驟和保障支持都一一明確,需要我們沉下身子,苦干實干,迎頭趕上,保質(zhì)保量,既要保證農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平的穩(wěn)步提升,更要保證農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和鄉(xiāng)村振興戰(zhàn)略目標的如期實現(xiàn)。
 
  一、明確任務(wù)和目標
 
  文件明確提出了到2020年,全國農(nóng)作物耕種收綜合機械化率達到70%,主糧作物基本實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)全程機械化,經(jīng)濟作物全程機械化生產(chǎn)體系基本建立,設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、畜牧養(yǎng)殖、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品初加工機械化取得明顯進展。到2025年,全國農(nóng)作物耕種收綜合機械化率達到75%,丘陵山區(qū)縣(市、區(qū))農(nóng)作物耕種收綜合機械化率達到55%。薄弱環(huán)節(jié)機械化全面突破,油菜種植、收獲機化率分別達到50%和65%,設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、畜牧養(yǎng)殖、水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品初加工機械化率總體達到50%左右。這是對我們提出的底線要求,必須按時、、高質(zhì)完成,不能松懈和后退。
 
  二、正視問題和不足
 
  (一)自然條件差。安康是典型的“八山一水一分田”的丘陵山區(qū)地貌,山多地少;坡地多,平地少;旱地多,水田少;適宜機械作業(yè)地少;撂荒、退耕和建設(shè)地增多,在耕地減少。
 
  家庭戶營方式使地塊過于零碎,田間道路、機耕道路少,且損毀占用嚴重,路基多為土石路面,大中型機械很難通行作業(yè)。
 
  (二)作物種類多。安康地處南北過渡帶,漢江穿流而過,農(nóng)作物種類多樣,水域面積大。糧油作物以小麥、水稻、玉米、薯類、油菜為主;經(jīng)濟作物有茶、桑、魔芋、烤煙、黃姜、中藥材等;養(yǎng)殖業(yè)以生豬、牛羊、家禽為主;水產(chǎn)中的漁業(yè),林產(chǎn)品中的核桃、拐棗等種類豐富。作物多樣性要求對專用機械的需求較多,標準更高,性能更優(yōu)。
 
  (三)適宜機械缺。適宜丘陵山地作業(yè)的機械種類偏少,適應(yīng)性不強,質(zhì)量不高、可靠性低,作業(yè)效果差;從作業(yè)過程上說,分段式作業(yè)機械多,復(fù)合式全程化機械少;科技研發(fā)投入不夠,部分技術(shù)尚不完全成熟,可選機械單一,滿足不了發(fā)展要求和市場需求,多功能復(fù)合式機械極缺。
 
  (四)發(fā)展不均衡。從地域上看,漢濱、漢陰、石泉、平利等川道平地面積較多的縣區(qū)綜合機械化水平達到了35%以上,紫陽、嵐皋、鎮(zhèn)坪等自然條件差的縣綜合機械化水平還在20%以下。從作物類型上看,糧油作物綜合機械化水平相對較高,以水稻、油菜較為明顯,其他作物水平很低或者才處于起步階段,遠低于國、省的平均水平,差距明顯。
 
  三、分析形勢和差距
 
  (一)機械化水平方面。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,2017年安康綜合機械化水平為28.5%,距離2025年要實現(xiàn)的55%目標,相差26.5%,可用有效時間7年多,相當(dāng)于在現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)上翻一番。我們用了幾十年的時間才達到28.5%,現(xiàn)在要用7年多時間來干完原來幾十年時間才做完的事,任務(wù)之艱、難度之大、時間之緊、要求之高顯而易見。
 
  (二)機械化水平達標方面(2018-2025)。2017年機耕、機種、機收機械化水平分別為64.3%,2.8%,6.6%,綜合機械化水平28.5%。
 
安康綜合機械化水平增長測算方案(2018——2025)
 
  (三)作業(yè)方面。全市有300萬畝耕地,機械化率提升26.5%,達到55%,機械化作業(yè)面積按照耕、種、收分別增加80萬畝以上,凈增240萬畝以上,年均增加30萬畝以上,機耕、機播、機收分別增10萬畝以上。
 
  (四)機具需求方面。按照作業(yè)面積增長和農(nóng)機作業(yè)適度規(guī)模每200畝/臺動力機械的實際測算,年增加拖拉機等大中型動力機械500——700臺,收獲500畝/臺測算,年增加收割機200臺——300臺,配套機具按1:3測算,年增加1500——2000套。
 
  (五)農(nóng)田改造方面。農(nóng)田全部實施宜機化改造,年改造10萬畝,共改造70萬畝,按1500元/畝補助,需投入資金10.5億元,年均投入1.5億元。
 
  (六)從業(yè)人員方面。全市總數(shù)共按10000名測算,300畝/人,年增加農(nóng)機駕駛操作、維修人員1000——1200名。
 
  (七)目標定位方面。“取法乎上,僅得其中;取法乎中,僅得其下”,按照這樣的思路,我們的目標應(yīng)定位在58%以上,才能達到55%的目標,年均增速應(yīng)保持在4%以上,增速是全國丘陵山區(qū)平均水平的2倍。
 
  四、加快組織推動
 
  (一)實施農(nóng)機服務(wù)機制創(chuàng)新工程,完善“一社一區(qū)”發(fā)展模式。在“以社帶區(qū),以區(qū)養(yǎng)社,區(qū)社協(xié)調(diào)” 發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上,增加新內(nèi)容,拓展新業(yè)務(wù),賦予新內(nèi)涵,促進區(qū)域農(nóng)業(yè)機械化水平整體提升,提升農(nóng)機經(jīng)營服務(wù)組織的綜合效益。在耕種收作業(yè)服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)上,增加農(nóng)資統(tǒng)供、植保、收獲后處理,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工等內(nèi)容,探索“社”收集處理“區(qū)”內(nèi)的農(nóng)作物秸稈加工生物質(zhì)燃料的綜合利用模式,提供農(nóng)產(chǎn)品烘干、加工方服務(wù),建立產(chǎn)品定向銷售渠道,從訂單種植向訂單銷售轉(zhuǎn)變,實現(xiàn)產(chǎn)供銷全過程服務(wù),延長服務(wù)鏈條,增加農(nóng)機合作組織的經(jīng)濟效益。
 
  (二)實施農(nóng)機作業(yè)條件改善工程,加快“宜機地”改造。對已經(jīng)實施了高標農(nóng)田建設(shè)的地塊實施專項“宜機化改造”,對擬實施的地塊同步進行改造,徹底解決大中型農(nóng)機“進田難”、“應(yīng)用難”問題。堅持配套土地深松、秸稈還田等機械化技術(shù)改善土壤質(zhì)量,提高農(nóng)業(yè)綜合生產(chǎn)能力。在效果上實現(xiàn)田塊兒“小變大,亂變順,短并長”,實現(xiàn)丘陵山地條田化、梯田化、緩坡化,達到地塊與農(nóng)田耕作道、生產(chǎn)道互聯(lián)互通。使坡地能適應(yīng)大中型農(nóng)機在關(guān)鍵生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)實現(xiàn)機械化作業(yè),為丘陵山區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機械化作業(yè)條件的改善助推發(fā)力。
 
  (三)實施農(nóng)機人才興機工程,培育優(yōu)化新型經(jīng)營主體。切實抓好農(nóng)機人才培養(yǎng),解決好“機有人用”的主體培育,實施“萬名農(nóng)機手”培育計劃,每年培育1000人以上。培養(yǎng)一批既懂農(nóng)機也懂農(nóng)藝的職業(yè)農(nóng)民或農(nóng)機專業(yè)人才,在扶持上落實好機播機收補助政策,建立探索完善職業(yè)農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)性補貼制度,提高生產(chǎn)積極性,確保這一主體持久穩(wěn)定的從事農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。支持農(nóng)機作業(yè)公司、專業(yè)合作社、農(nóng)機專業(yè)戶建設(shè),促進和帶動農(nóng)業(yè)機械化示范區(qū)建設(shè),逐年擴大作業(yè)范圍,完善作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié),提高作業(yè)質(zhì)量,增加作業(yè)收益,不斷提升綜合機械化水平。
 
  (四)實施新機具新技術(shù)示范工程,加快先進新型農(nóng)機推廣。適宜于丘陵山地的農(nóng)業(yè)機械“貧困”,門類少、產(chǎn)品稀、型號缺。丘陵山地農(nóng)業(yè)的機械化由“脫貧”走向振興,必須猛攻薄弱環(huán)節(jié),加快科研攻關(guān)、成果轉(zhuǎn)化、機械定型,讓丘陵山地有機可用,讓山地農(nóng)民有機可選。機械研發(fā)要“出精品”,發(fā)展全地形、多功能、全智能化產(chǎn)品,用高精科技來彌補發(fā)展緩慢的“短板”。在產(chǎn)品定位上構(gòu)建“大農(nóng)機”概念,涵蓋農(nóng)業(yè)工程領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的所有農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程,從單純的機械農(nóng)業(yè)擴展到工程農(nóng)業(yè)、裝備農(nóng)業(yè)。農(nóng)業(yè)機械生產(chǎn)標準的通用化。實現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)機械主機、配套機具等標準的通用化,簡便化,電子化,智能化,“一套標準管全國,管”。
 
  (五)實施農(nóng)機裝備優(yōu)化工程,確保農(nóng)機數(shù)量持續(xù)快速增長。一是促進大馬力、高性能、復(fù)式作業(yè)機械的發(fā)展,加快老舊農(nóng)業(yè)機械的更新報廢,促進作業(yè)機械和拖拉機配套機具的發(fā)展,改善配套比,提高利用率。二是繼續(xù)集中力量主攻薄弱環(huán)節(jié),盡快提高綜合機械化水平,由耕種收環(huán)節(jié)機械化向產(chǎn)前、產(chǎn)中、產(chǎn)后全過程機械化延伸,圍繞優(yōu)勢農(nóng)產(chǎn)品區(qū)域布局,因地制宜逐步推動特色優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)、設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品初加工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物綜合利用機械化。三是按照全力普及機耕、大力發(fā)展機收、努力提升機播的思路,鼓勵發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)較好的縣區(qū)發(fā)展,更好地發(fā)揮輻射帶動、示范作用。統(tǒng)籌農(nóng)機購置補貼及各類項目資金對農(nóng)民購置使用大中型、高性能、多功能復(fù)式作業(yè)的動力農(nóng)機裝備給予重點支持。
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