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我國設(shè)施園藝裝備發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和建議

2019-01-16 08:45:55 來源:農(nóng)機(jī)化司 閱讀量:18739 評論

導(dǎo)讀:設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)含設(shè)施園藝(種植)、設(shè)施養(yǎng)殖、設(shè)施水產(chǎn)三個(gè)領(lǐng)域,但地方農(nóng)機(jī)管理部門習(xí)慣把設(shè)施園藝稱為設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)。

  【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 科技創(chuàng)新】 一、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
 
  設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)含設(shè)施園藝(種植)、設(shè)施養(yǎng)殖、設(shè)施水產(chǎn)三個(gè)領(lǐng)域,但地方農(nóng)機(jī)管理部門習(xí)慣把設(shè)施園藝稱為設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)。
 
  我國設(shè)施園藝裝備發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)以下六個(gè)特點(diǎn):
 
  一是設(shè)施規(guī)模大。全國大中拱棚以上的設(shè)施面積達(dá)370萬公頃(5550萬畝),占世界設(shè)施園藝面積的80%。連棟溫室面積99.9萬公頃(1500萬畝),占全國設(shè)施面積的27%。玻璃溫室被稱為裝備水平高的溫室,我國有9000公頃(13.5萬畝),僅次于荷蘭(10800公頃),位居*二。
 
  二是產(chǎn)業(yè)作用大。設(shè)施蔬菜播種面積400萬公頃(6000萬畝),占蔬菜播種面積的17%。產(chǎn)量近3億噸,占蔬菜總產(chǎn)量的38%,產(chǎn)值9800億元,占農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值的17.9%。就業(yè)人員7000萬人,創(chuàng)人均增收993元。設(shè)施花卉面積11.6萬公頃(174萬畝),占花卉種植面積的8.7%。設(shè)施果樹6.7萬公頃(100萬畝,不含草莓)。
 
  三是裝備需求大。設(shè)施蔬菜和設(shè)施花卉的單產(chǎn)均不足荷蘭等發(fā)達(dá)國家的15%,設(shè)施蔬菜集約化經(jīng)營盈利水平低下,裝備和裝備集成不足是主要瓶頸之一(其二三四分別是勞動(dòng)力、投入品成本、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與經(jīng)營管理水平)。體現(xiàn)著設(shè)施裝備水平與經(jīng)營效益之間的不正常的相關(guān)關(guān)系,甚至出現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。
 
  按同口徑計(jì),2017年,全國設(shè)施園藝總面積為204萬公頃(農(nóng)機(jī)部門統(tǒng)計(jì)),機(jī)耕設(shè)施面積為150萬公頃,達(dá)74%,機(jī)播設(shè)施面積為34萬公頃,達(dá)17%,機(jī)采運(yùn)設(shè)施面積為18萬公頃,達(dá)9%,機(jī)械灌溉施肥設(shè)施面積為115萬公頃,達(dá)56%,機(jī)械環(huán)控設(shè)施面積為52萬公頃,達(dá)25%。按耕、播、收、灌溉、環(huán)控五環(huán)節(jié)綜合測算,設(shè)施園藝機(jī)械化水平33.12%,比2016年提高1.34個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。江蘇高,達(dá)48%,海南低,為17%。從機(jī)械化水平現(xiàn)狀與產(chǎn)業(yè)需求對比看,裝備升級(jí)需求很大。
 
  四是裝備技術(shù)進(jìn)步明顯。生產(chǎn)作業(yè)機(jī)具、環(huán)境調(diào)控設(shè)備、水肥一體化設(shè)備、植保設(shè)備、設(shè)施生產(chǎn)配套集成技術(shù)等裝備技術(shù)持續(xù)推出并且迅速投入應(yīng)用。截止到2016年3月,設(shè)施園藝領(lǐng)域的有效5060件中,裝備設(shè)備類比重上升明顯,節(jié)能、結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)械、灌溉、控制四類是2013年以來增速大的。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系日益完善,目前已頒布實(shí)施的設(shè)施園藝相關(guān)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)221項(xiàng),內(nèi)容涉及溫室設(shè)計(jì)建造,蔬菜、花卉、食用菌等栽培技術(shù),溫室資材,設(shè)施裝備,節(jié)水灌溉等。其中溫室工程相關(guān)現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)47項(xiàng),其中國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)8項(xiàng),農(nóng)業(yè)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)29項(xiàng),機(jī)械行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)9項(xiàng),物資行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1項(xiàng)。
 
  五是新趨勢影響大。信息化數(shù)字化、自動(dòng)化智能化、規(guī)?;s化、綠色化生態(tài)化、全程化全面化五個(gè)方面的趨勢明顯,對裝備創(chuàng)新和應(yīng)用升級(jí)推動(dòng)大。以規(guī)?;s化為例,2017年全國新建設(shè)單體5公頃以上、裝備完整的玻璃溫室就達(dá)400公頃,投資總額超過80億。以智能化研究創(chuàng)新為例,當(dāng)前我院主持的智能農(nóng)機(jī)項(xiàng)目,溫室智能化精細(xì)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與裝備研發(fā),覆蓋果菜、葉菜、食用菌全程。
 
  六是裝備行業(yè)發(fā)展速度快。當(dāng)前全國擁有技術(shù)隊(duì)伍的設(shè)施工程企業(yè)556家,擁有生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的溫室材料和設(shè)備企業(yè)471家。全國性的設(shè)施園藝裝備社團(tuán)和聯(lián)盟4個(gè)(中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化協(xié)會(huì)設(shè)施園藝分會(huì)、農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)設(shè)施園藝裝備分會(huì)、蔬菜協(xié)會(huì)機(jī)械化分會(huì)、設(shè)施園藝科技與產(chǎn)業(yè)創(chuàng)新聯(lián)盟,不含學(xué)會(huì)),區(qū)域性的12個(gè)。其中中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化協(xié)會(huì)設(shè)施園藝分會(huì)(由農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)研究院設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)研究所負(fù)責(zé)人擔(dān)任主任委員)有會(huì)員220家,占規(guī)模以上(年收入2000萬元以上)企業(yè)數(shù)量的70%,在團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)培訓(xùn)、信息交流、創(chuàng)新引導(dǎo)等方面發(fā)揮著越來越大的作用。
 
  二、主要短板
 
  一是機(jī)械化水平低。當(dāng)前全國設(shè)施園藝機(jī)械化率平均僅達(dá)33%,且在不同設(shè)施、不同環(huán)節(jié)上極不平衡。連棟溫室機(jī)械化水平相對高,日光溫室和大棚低。耕整地和水肥環(huán)節(jié)相對高,種和收環(huán)節(jié)低,環(huán)控居中。裝備從基礎(chǔ)層面升級(jí)任務(wù)迫切。
 
  二是裝備補(bǔ)貼占比低、范圍窄。以前年度所占比重基本在1%以內(nèi),品類少,《2018-2020年農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼實(shí)施指導(dǎo)意見》中也僅列了電動(dòng)卷簾機(jī)、熱風(fēng)爐、加溫系統(tǒng)(含燃油熱風(fēng)爐、熱水加溫系統(tǒng))、水簾降溫設(shè)備四類設(shè)備,區(qū)域局限性明顯,適應(yīng)當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展需要的環(huán)境控制、省力作業(yè)機(jī)具、信息化管理系統(tǒng)等已成熟和廣泛應(yīng)用的設(shè)備急待納入。雖然農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部已在三省(遼寧、浙江、江西)啟動(dòng)了補(bǔ)貼試點(diǎn),對大棚和溫室進(jìn)行補(bǔ)貼,但從評估情況看,補(bǔ)貼范圍、對象、有效性仍急需統(tǒng)籌和改進(jìn)。
 
  三是數(shù)據(jù)化水平低。體現(xiàn)在行業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)(決策支撐數(shù)據(jù))、生產(chǎn)支撐數(shù)據(jù)兩個(gè)方面。設(shè)施裝備存量數(shù)據(jù)和產(chǎn)能數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)口徑不一,五花八門。如全國設(shè)施面積一數(shù),2018年農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部統(tǒng)計(jì)為204萬公頃,其他有關(guān)部門統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)為370萬公頃,科研單位和協(xié)會(huì)調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)介于420-450萬公頃之間,差距極大。生產(chǎn)支撐數(shù)據(jù)主要是水土環(huán)境大氣等必要參數(shù),以及與生產(chǎn)密切相關(guān)的設(shè)施環(huán)控指標(biāo)、植保預(yù)警指標(biāo)、水肥與栽培專家?guī)臁D壳皡⒉畈积R,及時(shí)性和性均無法滿足生產(chǎn)要求,無法彰顯設(shè)施園藝的生產(chǎn)裝備優(yōu)勢。
 
  四是溫室類型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度低。雖然從“九五”開始就已經(jīng)針對多個(gè)大的氣候區(qū)域進(jìn)行的適宜性溫室大棚結(jié)構(gòu)形式的研究開發(fā),但科研成果的總結(jié)、推廣、應(yīng)用不足,企業(yè)主導(dǎo)下的引進(jìn)消化吸收成果是產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)用的主流。盲目抄襲照搬的情況很多,科學(xué)系統(tǒng)的綜合評價(jià)比選不足。
 
  五是成套裝備技術(shù)不足。將溫室大棚和生產(chǎn)裝備與栽培品種和技術(shù)結(jié)合考慮并集成的成套裝備技術(shù)不足,尤其是有良好經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的成套裝備技術(shù)。這一短板在競爭平臺(tái)上體現(xiàn)尤為明顯。裝備輸出中,除東南亞和非洲外,歐美和日韓為空白,俄羅斯、南美、東歐等歐美主要輸出區(qū),我國占比很低。國內(nèi),2016年以來掀起進(jìn)口荷蘭玻璃溫室高潮,已建設(shè)近400公頃,投資約70億,占同等級(jí)溫室投資總額的60%以上。
 
  六是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定和宣傳應(yīng)用不足。已頒布的設(shè)施園藝裝備領(lǐng)域國標(biāo)和行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),涉及溫室大棚工程設(shè)計(jì)、施工、驗(yàn)收,也涉及部分設(shè)備,還涉及規(guī)范術(shù)語。雖總量依然不足,但因重視程度和宣傳力度雙不足,導(dǎo)致已有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用薄弱。以3個(gè)補(bǔ)貼試點(diǎn)省為例,連棟塑料溫室就有“連棟塑料溫室大棚和連棟鋼架大棚”兩種說法,易在政策實(shí)施、企業(yè)理解、產(chǎn)品規(guī)范方面成為誤導(dǎo),造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。
 
  七是支撐服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)不足。設(shè)施園藝裝備與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)機(jī)具相比,產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)較為新穎,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缺口大,現(xiàn)有的鑒定服務(wù)無法滿足產(chǎn)業(yè)需要。設(shè)施園藝講究更高的性,對水肥等指標(biāo)的檢測、產(chǎn)出品指標(biāo)檢測要求更高,方能服務(wù)生產(chǎn)、體現(xiàn)。但當(dāng)前即使是針對無土栽培的水肥定期全要素檢測的機(jī)構(gòu)也顯得不足,導(dǎo)致不少以高投入、高產(chǎn)出為目標(biāo)的規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)企業(yè)長期依賴國外檢測。
 
  三、工作建議
 
  一是開展全國溫室大棚區(qū)劃和主要類型標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的工作。結(jié)合氣候區(qū)劃,依據(jù)設(shè)施種植品類特征并進(jìn)行總量歸納,進(jìn)行充分調(diào)研,吸收科研、產(chǎn)業(yè)層面既有經(jīng)驗(yàn),優(yōu)化技術(shù)指標(biāo),制定溫室大棚建設(shè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),并大力推行,為設(shè)施園藝裝備補(bǔ)貼實(shí)施、各地產(chǎn)業(yè)投資建立指引。
 
  二是開展設(shè)施園藝裝備數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)工作。更好地發(fā)動(dòng)科研機(jī)構(gòu)和行業(yè)社團(tuán)的力量,進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)信息采集并形成長效機(jī)制,從行業(yè)管理、政策制定、產(chǎn)業(yè)服務(wù)等維度的需求入手,制定合理架構(gòu),建設(shè)數(shù)據(jù)庫,進(jìn)行社會(huì)化共享。
 
  三是建設(shè)設(shè)施園藝裝備試驗(yàn)檢測基地。補(bǔ)充鑒定檢測服務(wù)能力缺口,提高新設(shè)備的應(yīng)用速度。
 
  四是加大力度推動(dòng)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定,鼓勵(lì)團(tuán)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定。同時(shí),在相關(guān)政策中加強(qiáng)已頒布標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的運(yùn)用,統(tǒng)籌社會(huì)團(tuán)體力量加強(qiáng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)推薦、宣傳、對接應(yīng)用。
 
  五是扶持建設(shè)一批成套設(shè)備試驗(yàn)推廣基地。設(shè)施園藝面對新的產(chǎn)業(yè)形勢和技術(shù)進(jìn)步形勢,全程信息化管理、關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)智能化裝備、主要環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械化設(shè)備均需加快研發(fā)應(yīng)用。成套性決定了設(shè)備效能發(fā)揮,工程、設(shè)備、工藝的融合決定了設(shè)備應(yīng)用的可行性,甚至應(yīng)用效益。以工藝差異明顯的大宗品類為基礎(chǔ),建設(shè)成套設(shè)備試驗(yàn)推廣基地,可把工程和工藝良好地融合在一起,解決應(yīng)用層面的實(shí)際問題。
 
  六是加大政策引導(dǎo)力度。擴(kuò)大設(shè)施園藝補(bǔ)貼品類范圍,增加補(bǔ)貼總量,形成更有力度的引導(dǎo)。與當(dāng)前大棚房整治、設(shè)施園藝用地等政策結(jié)合,出臺(tái)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)意見,減少盲目投資,引導(dǎo)良性發(fā)展。
 
  七是建議制定《全國設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展規(guī)劃》。涵蓋設(shè)施、裝備、生產(chǎn)、流通、對形勢進(jìn)行科學(xué)研判,提出行業(yè)發(fā)展指導(dǎo)方向,制定扶持和促進(jìn)政策體系。
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