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“水稅”壓制下:農業(yè)節(jié)水灌溉矛盾能化解嗎?
2017-12-07
13:09:01
來源:中國農機網 閱讀量:51167
評論
導讀:“以解決地少水缺的資源環(huán)境約束為導向,深入推進農業(yè)發(fā)展方式轉變?!睍r隔五年,仍然是現(xiàn)代農業(yè)所要攻克的難題。再加之,12月1日開始實施的“水稅”讓農業(yè)節(jié)水態(tài)勢更加嚴峻。
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中國農機網 本站原創(chuàng)】“以解決地少水缺的資源環(huán)境約束為導向,深入推進農業(yè)發(fā)展方式轉變。”時隔五年,仍然是現(xiàn)代農業(yè)所要攻克的難題。再加之,12月1日開始實施的“水稅”讓農業(yè)節(jié)水態(tài)勢更加嚴峻。
農業(yè)用水矛盾突出 灌溉迫在眉睫
從年降水量拔得*的廣東省(年均降水2000-3500億m³)來看,《2016年廣東水資源公報》顯示,經濟相對發(fā)達地區(qū),其工業(yè)和生活用水比重相對較高,農業(yè)用水則較低。位于珠江三角洲部分地區(qū)的農業(yè)用水總量占相應總用水量比例僅16.8%。但整個廣東省的農業(yè)用水量占到了全省總用水量的一半以上,專家分析指出,農業(yè)節(jié)水還有很大的挖潛空間。
年降水量位居第二梯隊,水資源總量744億m³,單位面積水資源量位居*四的浙江省,同時也是農業(yè)用水大戶,據粗略估計,2015年其用水量約占總用水量的60%左右。在一份來自浙江省水資源現(xiàn)狀的調查表發(fā)現(xiàn),大多農戶依然采用漫灌方式,水稻田內水流不斷,山區(qū)、丘陵地區(qū)“串灌串排”較嚴重;并且絕大多數被調查的農戶認為水是天上落下來的,取之不盡,用之不竭,況且浙江雨量豐沛,不利用也會白白流入大海,不用白不用的思想比較嚴重。
在人均水資源匱乏的河北省,供需矛盾更加突出。農業(yè)用水量大,地表水資源少,深井水和雨水是農業(yè)灌溉的主要來源。由于供水源的單一加重了農業(yè)用水的供給壓力,同時,為匹配城鎮(zhèn)化進程的快速發(fā)展,保障城鎮(zhèn)用水,不得不把原先以農業(yè)灌溉為主的水庫水源轉向城鎮(zhèn)供水,這就要求農業(yè)用水在農業(yè)產業(yè)結構調整的基礎上,通過節(jié)水灌溉、調整種植結構等措施盡可能節(jié)約用水量,以緩解日益突出的用水矛盾。
農業(yè)節(jié)水 灌溉不是問題根本
農業(yè)化、集約化大勢所趨,農機領域各企業(yè)、組織也紛紛向灌溉伸出橄欖枝,在今年的農機展會上農機巨頭約翰迪爾所帶來的灌溉設備在展區(qū)被單獨列出;綿陽發(fā)布的個系列自動化灌溉系統(tǒng);背景林業(yè)大學構建的按植物生命需水情況及其生長微環(huán)境狀況進行智能灌溉的“土壤水分監(jiān)測儀”、“土壤水分傳感器”等。
然而調查發(fā)現(xiàn),在傳統(tǒng)的農業(yè)種植過程中,超過半數農戶采用漫灌、溝灌、畦灌的方式,小部分采用噴灌和滴灌等節(jié)水形式。在水運輸的過程中,采用管道和塑料軟帶等方式居多,但傳統(tǒng)的土渠方式依然在*。為何在農業(yè)灌溉方式層出不窮的情況下,農業(yè)用水量依然只增不減?
科學是生產力,在不斷壯大灌溉技術大家族的同時也要加大灌溉技術人才的培養(yǎng),加大力度培育新型職業(yè)農民,提高農業(yè)勞動生產人員的文化及科技素質,從整體優(yōu)化我國勞動力的資源結構,使農業(yè)勞動力資源效益發(fā)揮大化,為灌溉技術的發(fā)展打下夯實的基礎。
在引進上成功經驗和前沿技術的同時,各地區(qū)也應當結合當地農業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀,因地制宜的研發(fā)和推廣具有本地特色的灌溉技術。
調查中的部分地區(qū),一些地方還是沿用以前大田漫灌的灌溉方式,即使政府的相關部門給予了這些地方農民新的灌溉技術和灌溉設備(滴管、滲灌、微灌等),他們還是不采用,因此相關部門也應該對新技術的推廣力度,從根本上提高農業(yè)節(jié)水意識。
或許大多數人會認為,灌溉,水運輸設備的大力研發(fā)與面市,農業(yè)節(jié)水會取得顯著成效,然而,從發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀來看,農業(yè)灌溉設備的研發(fā)使用,雖在理論上可以得到很好的效果,但解決農業(yè)用水的根本問題仍需重視。
此次水資源稅收改革試點方案規(guī)定,家庭生活、零星散養(yǎng)、圈養(yǎng)畜禽等少量用水方面都要交稅。對農民而言,試點省份低平均稅額為地表水0.1元/m³至1.6元/m³,地下水0.2元/m³至4元/m³。在“水稅”的嚴格壓制下,我國農業(yè)節(jié)水灌溉問題會得到緩解嗎?
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