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“水稅”壓制下：農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水灌溉矛盾能化解嗎？

2017-12-07 13:09:01 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：51125 評論

導(dǎo)讀：“以解決地少水缺的資源環(huán)境約束為導(dǎo)向,深入推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變?！睍r隔五年，仍然是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)所要攻克的難題。再加之，12月1日開始實施的“水稅”讓農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水態(tài)勢更加嚴(yán)峻。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】“以解決地少水缺的資源環(huán)境約束為導(dǎo)向,深入推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展方式轉(zhuǎn)變。”時隔五年，仍然是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)所要攻克的難題。再加之，12月1日開始實施的“水稅”讓農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水態(tài)勢更加嚴(yán)峻。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)用水矛盾突出 灌溉迫在眉睫
 
　　從年降水量拔得*的廣東省(年均降水2000-3500億m³)來看，《2016年廣東水資源公報》顯示，經(jīng)濟(jì)相對發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，其工業(yè)和生活用水比重相對較高，農(nóng)業(yè)用水則較低。位于珠江三角洲部分地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)用水總量占相應(yīng)總用水量比例僅16.8%。但整個廣東省的農(nóng)業(yè)用水量占到了全省總用水量的一半以上，專家分析指出，農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水還有很大的挖潛空間。
 
　　年降水量位居第二梯隊，水資源總量744億m³，單位面積水資源量位居*四的浙江省，同時也是農(nóng)業(yè)用水大戶，據(jù)粗略估計，2015年其用水量約占總用水量的60%左右。在一份來自浙江省水資源現(xiàn)狀的調(diào)查表發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多農(nóng)戶依然采用漫灌方式，水稻田內(nèi)水流不斷，山區(qū)、丘陵地區(qū)“串灌串排”較嚴(yán)重；并且絕大多數(shù)被調(diào)查的農(nóng)戶認(rèn)為水是天上落下來的，取之不盡，用之不竭，況且浙江雨量豐沛，不利用也會白白流入大海，不用白不用的思想比較嚴(yán)重。
 
　　在人均水資源匱乏的河北省，供需矛盾更加突出。農(nóng)業(yè)用水量大，地表水資源少，深井水和雨水是農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉的主要來源。由于供水源的單一加重了農(nóng)業(yè)用水的供給壓力，同時，為匹配城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程的快速發(fā)展，保障城鎮(zhèn)用水，不得不把原先以農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉為主的水庫水源轉(zhuǎn)向城鎮(zhèn)供水，這就要求農(nóng)業(yè)用水在農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的基礎(chǔ)上，通過節(jié)水灌溉、調(diào)整種植結(jié)構(gòu)等措施盡可能節(jié)約用水量，以緩解日益突出的用水矛盾。
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水 灌溉不是問題根本
 
　　農(nóng)業(yè)化、集約化大勢所趨，農(nóng)機(jī)領(lǐng)域各企業(yè)、組織也紛紛向灌溉伸出橄欖枝，在今年的農(nóng)機(jī)展會上農(nóng)機(jī)巨頭約翰迪爾所帶來的灌溉設(shè)備在展區(qū)被單獨列出；綿陽發(fā)布的個系列自動化灌溉系統(tǒng)；背景林業(yè)大學(xué)構(gòu)建的按植物生命需水情況及其生長微環(huán)境狀況進(jìn)行智能灌溉的“土壤水分監(jiān)測儀”、“土壤水分傳感器”等。
 
　　然而調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，在傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)種植過程中，超過半數(shù)農(nóng)戶采用漫灌、溝灌、畦灌的方式，小部分采用噴灌和滴灌等節(jié)水形式。在水運輸?shù)倪^程中，采用管道和塑料軟帶等方式居多，但傳統(tǒng)的土渠方式依然在*。為何在農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉方式層出不窮的情況下，農(nóng)業(yè)用水量依然只增不減？
 
　　科學(xué)是生產(chǎn)力，在不斷壯大灌溉技術(shù)大家族的同時也要加大灌溉技術(shù)人才的培養(yǎng)，加大力度培育新型職業(yè)農(nóng)民，提高農(nóng)業(yè)勞動生產(chǎn)人員的文化及科技素質(zhì)，從整體優(yōu)化我國勞動力的資源結(jié)構(gòu)，使農(nóng)業(yè)勞動力資源效益發(fā)揮大化，為灌溉技術(shù)的發(fā)展打下夯實的基礎(chǔ)。
 
　　在引進(jìn)上成功經(jīng)驗和前沿技術(shù)的同時，各地區(qū)也應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀，因地制宜的研發(fā)和推廣具有本地特色的灌溉技術(shù)。
 
　　調(diào)查中的部分地區(qū)，一些地方還是沿用以前大田漫灌的灌溉方式，即使政府的相關(guān)部門給予了這些地方農(nóng)民新的灌溉技術(shù)和灌溉設(shè)備(滴管、滲灌、微灌等)，他們還是不采用，因此相關(guān)部門也應(yīng)該對新技術(shù)的推廣力度，從根本上提高農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水意識。
 
　　或許大多數(shù)人會認(rèn)為，灌溉，水運輸設(shè)備的大力研發(fā)與面市，農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水會取得顯著成效，然而，從發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀來看，農(nóng)業(yè)灌溉設(shè)備的研發(fā)使用，雖在理論上可以得到很好的效果，但解決農(nóng)業(yè)用水的根本問題仍需重視。
 
　　此次水資源稅收改革試點方案規(guī)定，家庭生活、零星散養(yǎng)、圈養(yǎng)畜禽等少量用水方面都要交稅。對農(nóng)民而言，試點省份低平均稅額為地表水0.1元/m³至1.6元/m³，地下水0.2元/m³至4元/m³。在“水稅”的嚴(yán)格壓制下，我國農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水灌溉問題會得到緩解嗎？

上一篇： 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)風(fēng)口下：農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型之路該如何走？

下一篇：到底是“農(nóng)業(yè)適應(yīng)機(jī)械化”還是“機(jī)械化適應(yīng)農(nóng)業(yè)”？

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