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我國土地制度倒退回了舊社會?

2017-09-21 14:03:13 來源:中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 作者:秋雨 閱讀量:53231 評論

導(dǎo)讀:對比土地改革史,有人認(rèn)為,在土地改革運(yùn)動中被劃分為“地主”的這類人手中擁有大量土地,更有利于農(nóng)業(yè)集約經(jīng)營和規(guī)?;a(chǎn)。因此一些人認(rèn)為這是在倒退。

  【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】土地改革,簡言之就是要變革舊有的土地制度。從這個(gè)意義上講,我國土地改革經(jīng)歷了,十年內(nèi)戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的土地革命;抗日戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期的減租減息;解放戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期,沒收地主土地,廢除封建剝削的土地所有制,實(shí)行“耕者有其田”的土地農(nóng)戶私有制。
 
  建國之后,1950年中央人民政府頒布了《中華人民共和國土地改革法》,廢除封建土地所有制,實(shí)行農(nóng)民階級的土地所有制,到1952年底,全國土改基本完成。
 
  集體土地使用制度改革于1988年開始至今,關(guān)于農(nóng)村土地的變動一直沒有停止。如:土地流轉(zhuǎn),土地托管等。有人說,土地經(jīng)營的變化又倒回到了舊社會,是這樣嗎?
 
  土地經(jīng)營的規(guī)?;图s化
 
  科技化、規(guī)?;图s化為農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的主要特征,而現(xiàn)階段我國的土地流轉(zhuǎn)和土地托管都是在為土地規(guī)?;?、集約化做鋪墊。
 
  2017年9月,農(nóng)業(yè)部制定的《關(guān)于大力推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管的指導(dǎo)意見》指出,規(guī)模化農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管是服務(wù)規(guī)模經(jīng)營的主要形式,耕地集中連片是發(fā)展規(guī)?;r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管的前提條件。
 
  對比土地改革史,有人認(rèn)為,在土地改革運(yùn)動中被劃分為“地主”的這類人手中擁有大量土地,更有利于農(nóng)業(yè)集約經(jīng)營和規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)。因此一些人認(rèn)為這是在倒退。
 
  關(guān)于這個(gè)問題,在《尋烏調(diào)查》報(bào)告中指出了明確的答案。里面所說的地主,“他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)情形是一面自己耕種(雇長工幫助的很少,雇零工幫助的很多),一面又把那窎遠(yuǎn)的瘦瘠的土地租與別人種而自己收取租谷。”以“收租坐視”為目的的地主,他們手中的土地并非為了集約經(jīng)營與規(guī)?;a(chǎn),而是為了出租贏利。地主既不親自勞動,也不組織生產(chǎn),既然土地已經(jīng)租給別人耕種,地主自然不必過于關(guān)心土地的經(jīng)營狀況,也不會過于關(guān)心土地改良與生產(chǎn)工具改進(jìn)的情況,他更關(guān)心的是地租的收取。從這個(gè)角度看,地主集中一部分土地在自己手中并非為了集約經(jīng)營,也沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)?;a(chǎn),對于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力水平的提高也沒有積極性。
 
  土地經(jīng)營方式的改變帶來的影響
 
  農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)將成為重要方式。一方面,土地流轉(zhuǎn),不斷擴(kuò)大土地的規(guī)模經(jīng)營,肯定需要農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。另一方面,通過農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)托管,將耕、種、防、收等全部或部分作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)委托給農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)性服務(wù)組織,利用大型、先進(jìn)、環(huán)保的農(nóng)機(jī)開展托管服務(wù),實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)?;a(chǎn),農(nóng)業(yè)效益會大幅提高。
 
  對股市帶來的波動。19日農(nóng)業(yè)部消息一出,各大證券平臺紛紛發(fā)消息稱此將成為影響股價(jià)的重要消息。根據(jù)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代股掘金分析,除了近年來上漲較快的航空植保,農(nóng)業(yè)服務(wù)也是一支潛力股。對比農(nóng)業(yè)先進(jìn)國家,我國在農(nóng)資利用效率和流通體系、農(nóng)技科技含量、農(nóng)業(yè)金融和保險(xiǎn)支持方面存在巨大差距,原因包括:對農(nóng)業(yè)的專業(yè)服務(wù)不足,全程系統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)不完善,專業(yè)服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)缺失等。中央農(nóng)村工作會議強(qiáng)調(diào),傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式亟需變革,須通過開展社會化服務(wù)來降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高農(nóng)業(yè)效益和競爭力。
 
  城鎮(zhèn)化的推進(jìn)。隨著農(nóng)民進(jìn)城,大量土地閑置,“誰來種田”的突出問題,使得土地流轉(zhuǎn)加速推進(jìn)。但筆者認(rèn)為,土地托管的專業(yè)化服務(wù),為農(nóng)業(yè)帶來的益,這也會讓更多農(nóng)民選擇托管自家土地,這樣就會有更多的農(nóng)民進(jìn)入城中,加快城鎮(zhèn)化進(jìn)程。因此,工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化推動土地流轉(zhuǎn)和土地托管的經(jīng)營方式,而農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)營方式的改變也正在加速城鎮(zhèn)化的進(jìn)程,進(jìn)而使得城鎮(zhèn)和規(guī)?;恋爻霈F(xiàn)明顯的分界線。
 
  游離城鎮(zhèn)的“半市民”將會增多。伴隨著土地經(jīng)營方式改變,城鎮(zhèn)化的推進(jìn),使得大量農(nóng)民涌入城鎮(zhèn)。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),每年約有1000萬~1200萬農(nóng)民從農(nóng)村進(jìn)入城市。這部分人離開了土地,很難回歸農(nóng)村卻又游離于城市之外,如何讓他們真正融入城市,成為當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
 
  要解決進(jìn)城農(nóng)民的身份轉(zhuǎn)換問題,就要盡快打破城鄉(xiāng)二元結(jié)構(gòu),加快戶籍制度改革。穩(wěn)步推進(jìn)就業(yè)、醫(yī)療、教育、社會保障等基本公共服務(wù)對常住人口的全覆蓋,讓廣大農(nóng)民平等參與現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程、共同分享現(xiàn)代化成果。筆者認(rèn)為,解決離地農(nóng)民的后顧之憂,是加快土地經(jīng)營方式、推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程的重要保障。
 
  中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng),轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處。
 
  文章資料來源:光明日報(bào),中國共產(chǎn)黨新聞網(wǎng),360圖書館
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