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低迷期：看美國、日本如何應(yīng)對本國農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展困境

2017-08-08 13:47:17 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：47120 評論

導(dǎo)讀：我國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械制造起步晚，從建國初期磕磕碰碰直到20世紀(jì)90年代，在國家相關(guān)政策的引導(dǎo)下，我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化得以逐漸走上健康的發(fā)展道路。雖我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展迅速，剛剛經(jīng)歷完農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的“黃金十年”，但近兩年農(nóng)機(jī)市場發(fā)展又處在了低迷階段，面臨著重大變革。在筆者看來，不如放緩腳步，看看國外在發(fā)展瓶頸期是如何應(yīng)對的，或許可從中尋覓可借鑒之處。

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】我國的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械制造起步晚，從建國初期磕磕碰碰直到20世紀(jì)90年代，在國家相關(guān)政策的引導(dǎo)下，我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化得以逐漸走上健康的發(fā)展道路。雖我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展迅速，剛剛經(jīng)歷完農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的“黃金十年”，但近兩年農(nóng)機(jī)市場發(fā)展又處在了低迷階段，面臨著重大變革。在筆者看來，不如放緩腳步，看看國外在發(fā)展瓶頸期是如何應(yīng)對的，或許可從中尋覓可借鑒之處。
 
　　面對市場飽和，美國選擇出口
 
　　美國屬于移民國家，只有二百多年的歷史，但是高度發(fā)達(dá)的資本主義商品生產(chǎn)，促使美國在20世紀(jì)40年代世界其他國家早實現(xiàn)了糧食生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化。到60年代后期，糧食生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化水平進(jìn)一步提高，已達(dá)到從土地耕翻、整地、播種、田間管理、收獲、干燥全程機(jī)械化；70年代初完成了棉花、甜菜等經(jīng)濟(jì)作物從種植到收獲各個環(huán)節(jié)的全面機(jī)械化。當(dāng)前依然在種植業(yè)、工廠化畜禽飼養(yǎng)、設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品加工等方面保持著*水平。
 
　　上世紀(jì)40年代，美國農(nóng)機(jī)主要是更新、換代、開發(fā)新品種，市場日趨飽和，到了90年代初，農(nóng)機(jī)銷量下降幅度較大，有的農(nóng)機(jī)企業(yè)如凱斯公司已被國外公司收購。并且，農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的增加，勞動生產(chǎn)率提高的同時，迫使大量農(nóng)民離開土地，造成社會擁擠，社會問題增多。面臨這一窘境，美國農(nóng)工工業(yè)選擇出口，發(fā)展海外業(yè)務(wù)，主要制造商約翰迪爾公司和紐荷蘭公司等企業(yè)均在外國設(shè)立分銷代理機(jī)構(gòu)。不管是農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械還是農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，美國都是特別依賴進(jìn)出口的國家。
 
　　面對勞動力轉(zhuǎn)移，日本大力推進(jìn)農(nóng)機(jī)化
 
　　日本的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的發(fā)展始于1947年，經(jīng)過了近60年的發(fā)展，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)已全部實現(xiàn)了機(jī)械化，在世界居地位，特別是水稻生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化處于世界高水平。
 
　　20世紀(jì)60年代隨著日本經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速增長，使得農(nóng)村的勞動力快速向二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，從事農(nóng)業(yè)的勞動力更加減少。面對這一難題，日本農(nóng)業(yè)借此出現(xiàn)了水稻插秧機(jī)和收獲機(jī)，解決了農(nóng)民“大彎腰”、“小鐮刀”的問題，基本實現(xiàn)水稻生產(chǎn)作業(yè)從耕耘、插秧、管理、收獲、干燥到加工的全程農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化。到20世紀(jì)80年代日本農(nóng)機(jī)不斷發(fā)展成熟，趨于飽和，但是，日本沒有陷入美國農(nóng)機(jī)被收購的窘境，而是把重點轉(zhuǎn)移到了對農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的安全鑒定和安全管理方向，為了普及安全新技術(shù)，日本政府還出臺購機(jī)惠稅政策鼓勵換購新機(jī)械。
 
　　21世紀(jì)初日本農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械依然穩(wěn)步發(fā)展，并且發(fā)展越來越多樣化。比如，在大型拖拉機(jī)的駕駛室內(nèi)安裝有與汽車相同的空調(diào)設(shè)備、收音機(jī)、音響裝置等裝備，更加注重追求舒適的作業(yè)環(huán)境。近年來為適應(yīng)經(jīng)營規(guī)模擴(kuò)大的需要，日本農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械，專注發(fā)展大型高性能的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的同時，更加注重發(fā)展適用于小規(guī)模經(jīng)營和老年農(nóng)民和婦女操作的小型農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械。
 
　　結(jié)語
 
　　美國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展特點較為粗狂，農(nóng)場土地寬廣，使得機(jī)器大型化趨勢明顯；機(jī)器換人率增高，造成社會問題尖銳；農(nóng)機(jī)市場飽和，轉(zhuǎn)移市場。相對，日本農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展較為細(xì)膩，在通讀日本農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械發(fā)展歷史的過程中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，日本在不斷研制機(jī)械，沒有好，只有更好，一直都在持續(xù)堅持創(chuàng)新。筆者認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械市場低迷，只是暫時的一個小插曲，讓飛速奔走的農(nóng)機(jī)行業(yè)，得以放慢腳步去學(xué)習(xí)、去思考，找到一條屬于我國國情的農(nóng)機(jī)化發(fā)展道路，更好的迎接下一個“黃金十年”。(本文屬中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)原創(chuàng)，轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處！)
 

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