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數(shù)據(jù)論證：我國農(nóng)機(jī)化離“中國制造2025”還差多遠(yuǎn)？

2017-07-25 08:48:33 來源：中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 閱讀量：50898 評論

導(dǎo)讀：農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化是建設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要內(nèi)容之一，也是衡量農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要標(biāo)志。日前召開的國務(wù)院常務(wù)會議指出，“創(chuàng)建‘中國制造2025’示范區(qū)，絕不只是增加幾頂‘帽子’，而是為了探索一條創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制的‘新路’！

　　【中國農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 本站原創(chuàng)】農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化是建設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要內(nèi)容之一，也是衡量農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的重要標(biāo)志。日前召開的國務(wù)院常務(wù)會議指出，“創(chuàng)建‘中國制造2025’示范區(qū)，絕不只是增加幾頂‘帽子’，而是為了探索一條創(chuàng)新體制機(jī)制的‘新路’！
 
　　隨著工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化的快速發(fā)展，農(nóng)民務(wù)農(nóng)意愿的降低和勞動成本的增加，使得我國農(nóng)村大量勞動力急劇向二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，造成我國農(nóng)村勞動力急劇短缺的局面。然而農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化是影響農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)成本和農(nóng)民的種植意愿的首要原因，也是降低農(nóng)業(yè)投入成本的重要方式，因此勞動力的短缺以及勞動成本的增加使得我國農(nóng)業(yè)對機(jī)械化的需求日益迫切。
 
　　近幾年來，我國大力出臺各類補(bǔ)貼政策拉動農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)積極性，增加全國各地農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的普及面積且取得顯著成效。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國農(nóng)機(jī)總動力從2015年11.1億千瓦增長到2016年的11.4億千瓦，全國農(nóng)業(yè)耕種收綜合機(jī)械化水平達(dá)65%。農(nóng)機(jī)工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值更是超過了4200億元，躍居農(nóng)機(jī)制造大國。但與此同時我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展進(jìn)程中又存在一些不可忽視的問題。
 
　　問題一：農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量地區(qū)分布不均。從全國范圍來看，我國東部地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化數(shù)量和質(zhì)量都要高于中、西部地區(qū)。我國南北氣候條件存在差異，北方農(nóng)作物一年一熟，而長江中下游就是一年兩熟、一年三熟，使得這些地區(qū)農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量多、流通速度快，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平相對較高。換句話說就是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平較高，農(nóng)民收入高、增長快，對農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的購買力相對較高，更新?lián)Q代的速度也相對較快；而我國相對欠發(fā)達(dá)的地區(qū)，農(nóng)機(jī)擁有量少，生產(chǎn)水平低，農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展速度也就相對緩慢，截止到2015年底農(nóng)機(jī)總動力分布數(shù)據(jù)顯示：東部：39900.4(臺)；中部：37478.1(臺)；西部：28967.2(臺)。(數(shù)據(jù)來源國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局）

我國東中西部地區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)總量變化情況(數(shù)據(jù)來源《中國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械工業(yè)年鑒》)
 
　　但從農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械數(shù)量的增長速度來看，中西部地區(qū)明顯要高于東部地區(qū)。除了土地規(guī)模、地理?xiàng)l件以及農(nóng)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同之外，國家近年來大力出臺各地區(qū)農(nóng)機(jī)補(bǔ)貼政策，增強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)購置補(bǔ)貼力度，并嚴(yán)格加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督管理，全面落實(shí)補(bǔ)貼到戶等等這些都在很大程度上刺激到了中西部地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械的發(fā)展。
 
　　問題二，我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)展不合理。就運(yùn)輸動力機(jī)械來說，大型拖拉機(jī)可以用來裝璇耕機(jī)和播種機(jī)，在田間的耕作速度和作業(yè)效率都要比小型拖拉機(jī)要高。雖然近幾年我國農(nóng)用大中型拖拉機(jī)數(shù)量增長很快，但是依然遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于小型拖拉機(jī)的數(shù)量。截止2015年末數(shù)據(jù)，我國小型拖拉機(jī)數(shù)量有1703萬臺，而農(nóng)用大中型拖拉機(jī)數(shù)量僅有607萬臺，這一數(shù)據(jù)足以說明我國機(jī)械化耕種作業(yè)效率依然不高，費(fèi)人費(fèi)時，遇到病態(tài)天氣延誤農(nóng)時還會造成不必要的損失。
 
截止2015年末我國農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械擁有量
 
　　從圖表上可以看出，我國農(nóng)作物不同作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)的機(jī)械化水平差異也頗大。農(nóng)作物作業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)包括耕地、播種、收割、收獲后處理等。作為收獲后處理機(jī)械的脫粒機(jī)的數(shù)量明顯高于收割機(jī)的數(shù)量。并且現(xiàn)在聯(lián)合收割機(jī)已是大田作業(yè)不可缺少的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械，用其收割小麥，可比一般人工收割減少脫粒損失5%～8%，并且一臺大型谷物聯(lián)合收割機(jī)一天可收割小麥400～500畝，不僅可以減少產(chǎn)量損失，還可以節(jié)省大量人工勞動力。20世紀(jì)20年代，聯(lián)合收割機(jī)就已經(jīng)在美國的小麥產(chǎn)區(qū)大規(guī)模使用了。然而我國收割機(jī)起步較晚，而且引進(jìn)國外的大型機(jī)械并不能很好地適應(yīng)我國農(nóng)業(yè)土地情況，因此，我國農(nóng)業(yè)在農(nóng)作物收獲、處理效率方面仍有很大的提升空間。
 
　　問題三：我國不同農(nóng)作物的機(jī)械化使用水平也不同。就作物而言，三大主糧中小麥基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了全程機(jī)械化，雙季稻地區(qū)機(jī)械插秧水平、甘蔗主產(chǎn)區(qū)、棉花產(chǎn)區(qū)、油菜產(chǎn)區(qū)機(jī)械化提高比較緩慢，經(jīng)濟(jì)作物機(jī)械化許多環(huán)節(jié)還是空白。但是有了美國日本等這些現(xiàn)代化農(nóng)業(yè)大國的前車之鑒，我國農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展前景更為廣闊。
 
　　目前國家大力推動農(nóng)業(yè)供給側(cè)改革，加快工業(yè)制造業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級，創(chuàng)建“中國制造2025”示范區(qū)。在筆者看來，“中國制造2025”不僅是在技術(shù)方面的突破，更是體制機(jī)制上的創(chuàng)新。

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