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耕地“治污”:還需農業(yè)機械協同發(fā)力

2017-03-17 13:24:00 來源:中國農機網 閱讀量:35391 評論

導讀:民以食為天,食以安為先。確保糧食安全,增加農民收入,保護耕地至關重要。耕地質量的提升不僅關系著糧食綜合生產能力和農業(yè)效益,更關系著農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和農民增收。多年來,秸稈、農膜、農藥化肥等引起的土壤污染、地力下降等問題,引起國家高度重視。

  【中國農機網 行業(yè)要聞】民以食為天,食以安為先。確保糧食安全,增加農民收入,保護耕地至關重要。耕地質量的提升不僅關系著糧食綜合生產能力和農業(yè)效益,更關系著農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和農民增收。多年來,秸稈、農膜、農藥化肥等引起的土壤污染、地力下降等問題,引起國家高度重視。

  2017年兩會,解決土地污染問題再次成為代表們關注的焦點,環(huán)保部部長陳吉寧說:“解決當前土壤污染問題基本思路是堅持預防為主,保護優(yōu)先,風險管控。強調:一是預防,二是風險管控,三是安全利用。”那么,我們究竟該如何落實才能打好這場土地治污提質的硬仗呢?
 
  耕地治污要解決三大問題
 
  耕地治污并不是盲目進行的,要治理好耕地污染,首先得明確這三個問題:
 
  ,化肥農藥污染。我國是世界上化肥、農藥使用量大的國家,年施用量分別達4700萬噸和130多萬噸,而利用率僅為35%左右,流失的化肥和農藥造成土壤、地表水和地下水污染,受污染的耕地約有1.5億畝;第二,農膜白色污染。據統計,我國農膜每年殘留量高達四十多萬噸,殘膜率達20%~40%,比如新疆棉花種植農膜殘留率達25%;第三,秸稈利用率低。我國每年產生大約7億噸農作物秸稈,有效利用率卻不足50%。以上三種污染嚴重影響了農業(yè)生產效率,阻礙農業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。那么,針對這三大問題,治污要從何處著手?
 
  政策護航耕地治污
 
  為更好地解決耕地污染,農業(yè)部于2015年印發(fā)了《關于打好農業(yè)面源污染防治攻堅戰(zhàn)的實施意見》,其中提出了到2020年農業(yè)面源污染治理的目標,即“一控兩減三基本”。要求控制農業(yè)用水總量和農業(yè)水環(huán)境污染,化肥、農藥減量使用,禽糞污、農膜、農作物秸稈基本得到資源化、綜合循環(huán)再利用和無害化處理。
 
  今年,“一控兩減三基本”還在不斷推進和實施中,此外,在耕地治污上,農業(yè)部還印發(fā)了關于貫徹落實《土壤污染防治行動計劃》的實施意見。提出到2020年,完成耕地土壤環(huán)境質量類別劃定,土壤污染治理有序推進,耕地重金屬污染、白色污染等得到有效遏制??梢?,國家對于耕地污染治理重視程度之高,在落實政策上的不遺余力。當然,耕地治污僅憑政策手段是遠遠不夠的。
 
  農業(yè)機械發(fā)力耕地治污
 
  近年來,隨著國家惠農政策的不斷施力和科技投入的不斷增加,各種適應現代農業(yè)生產的機械得以研發(fā)和使用,在農業(yè)生產和耕地污染治理中發(fā)揮著更大作用。
 
  秸稈機械 隨著農業(yè)機械化生產的不斷發(fā)展和農機技術的不斷成熟,秸稈機械化直接還田成為一條快捷、能大批量處理剩余秸稈的有效途徑,能有效遏制秸稈焚燒行為,大大減少環(huán)境污染。秸稈機械化直接還田能顯著提高土壤有機質含量,增強蓄水保墑能力。
 
  植保機械 植保是農業(yè)防災減災的主要措施,也是農產品安全的技術保障。為響應農藥化肥“零增長”號召,我國諸多地區(qū)利用農機購置補貼等政策和重大病蟲害統防統治等項目,扶持社會化服務組織,引進新型植保機械,開展統防統治,減少盲目及重復施藥,提高農藥利用率。預計未來,各種新型植保機械,如:自走式噴桿噴霧機、大型風送彌霧機等將成為主要施藥機械,植保無人機作業(yè)面積也將逐年增加。
 
  廢舊地膜回收機械 農膜在提高地溫、保水、保肥,改進近地面光熱條件的同時也極易造成地膜殘留。農膜殘留負作用很多,解決的辦法有多種,但利用殘膜回收機進行及時回收效果好。早在2016年有消息說,農業(yè)部委托農業(yè)部南京農機化所在新疆地區(qū)做殘留農膜機具的試驗,農膜回收設備將成為農機購置補貼的重點支持方向之一。預計2017年,甘肅、新疆、陜西、寧夏等地農機購置補貼政策將重點推廣殘膜回收設備。
 
  結語:耕地治污是一項大工程,需要從技術水平、監(jiān)管措施、補貼政策等多方發(fā)力。目前,實施綠色生態(tài)為導向的農業(yè)支持保護補貼政策,引導農民綜合采取秸稈還田、深松整地、減少化肥農藥用量、施用有機肥等措施,切實加強耕地質量保護,減少耕地污染,不失為一種好方法。

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